Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) absorption spectra of hydroxylwere measured on olivine phenocrysts from hydrous basaltic meltsthat originated in island-arc tectonic settings. The basalticmelts encompass a wide range of silica activities from orthopyroxene-saturatedhypersthene-normative to nepheline-normative compositions. Theintensities and wavenumber placement of hydroxyl absorptionbands correlate with the degree of silica saturation of theparent melt from which the olivine crystallized. Olivines fromsilica-undersaturated nepheline-normative melts absorb IR radiationin the wavenumber range 34303590 cm1 (Group 1).In contrast, olivines from orthopyroxene-saturated boniniticmelts exhibit hydroxyl absorption bands in the wavenumber range32853380 cm1 (Group 2). Olivines crystallizedat intermediate silica activities exhibit a combination of thetwo groups of hydroxyl IR bands, where the proportion of Group2 bands increases with increasing silica saturation of the parentmelt. The positions of hydroxyl absorption peaks observed herefor natural samples are consistent with previous measurementson experimentally annealed olivines. Thus protonation experimentscan be employed to make spectroscopically dry olivine structuresvisible by IR, yielding information on the silica saturationof the parental magmas. Hydroxyl concentrations in the studiedolivines were estimated to be 12 ppm, corresponding toan olivinemelt partition coefficient of (1·0 ±0·3) x 104. KEY WORDS: nominally anhydrous minerals; olivine; water; mantle; silica activity; melt inclusions相似文献
The increment method is adopted to calculate oxygen isotope fractionation factors for mantle minerals, particularly for the
polymorphic phases of MgSiO3 and Mg2SiO4. The results predict the following sequence of18O-enrichment:pyroxene (Mg, Fe, Ca)2Si2O6>olivine (Mg, Fe)2SiO4 > spinel (Mg, Fe)2SiO4> ilmenite (Mg, Fe, Ca) SiO3>perovskite (Mg, Fe, Ca) SiO3. The calculated fractionations for the calcite-perovskite (CaTiO3) System are in excellent agreement with the experimental calibrations. If there would be complete isotopic equilibration
in the mantle, the spinel-structured silicates in the transition zone are predicted to be enriched in18O relative to the perovskite-structured silicates in the lower mantle but depleted in18O relative to olivines and pyroxenes in the upper mantle. The oxygen isotope layering of the mantle might result from differences
in the chemical composition and crystal structure of mineral phases at different mantle depths. Assuming isotopic equilibrium
on a whole earth scale, the chemical structure of the Earth’s interior can be described by the following sequence of18O-enrichment:upper crust>lower crust>upper mantle>transition zone>lower mantle>core.
Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the Chinese Academy of Sciences. 相似文献
Metal cycling via physical and chemical weathering of discrete sources (copper mines) and regional (non-point) sources (sulfide-rich shale) is evaluated by examining the mineralogy and chemistry of weathering products in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee, and North Carolina, USA. The elements in copper mine waste, secondary minerals, stream sediments, and waters that are most likely to have negative impacts on aquatic ecosystems are aluminum, copper, zinc, and arsenic because these elements locally exceed toxicity guidelines for surface waters or for stream sediments. Acid-mine drainage has not developed in streams draining inactive copper mines. Acid-rock drainage and chemical weathering processes that accompany debris flows or human disturbances of sulfidic rocks are comparable to processes that develop acid-mine drainage elsewhere. Despite the high rainfall in the mountain range, sheltered areas and intermittent dry spells provide local venues for development of secondary weathering products that can impact aquatic ecosystems.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article if you access the article at . A link in the frame on the left on that page takes you directly to the supplementary material.
Jane M. HammarstromEmail: Phone: +1-703-6486165Fax: +1-703-6486252