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241.
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当人们使用长波长的地震层析数据利用地震波速和密度的实验关系外推而直接计算地球大地水准面异常时惊奇地发现,计算大地水准面异常和观测大地水准面异常无论在异常型态或者异常幅度上均相差甚远。因而不能将地幔看做“刚性”地幔,而真实的地幔应当是一“动力”的地幔,它的内部,甚至被看做固体地幔内部也存在物质流动,否则无法解释上述两种水准面的差异。地幔,特别是下地幔远比人们设想的要活跃得多。地幔内部存在一个复杂的热动力系统。全球规模的大尺度对流、上地幔范围的二级对流、层状对流、核-幔边界上部D″层内很小尺度对流以及地幔热柱形式的对流可能同时存在于地幔之中,它们相互独立又相互影响,而形成多层次、多形态的运动格局。为了进一步完善、丰富人类对其赖以生存的地球的认识,除了需要建立更为合理的非线性的地幔热动力学模型之外,更加精细的、更加精确的大地测量、地球物理和地球动力学观测资料是必需的。 相似文献
243.
根据准动力学计算方案,通过采用等效热源和等效热传导系数的方法,用有限元法计算了不同俯冲角度,而俯冲速度为8cm/a、年龄为100Ma的俯冲带在稳定俯冲状态的热结构.计算结果表明俯冲带在接近670km间断面的最低温度可达到1100℃.全地幔对流模式热结构的计算结果表明670km间断面以下可存在最低温度达1000℃的低温区,相应于有0.7%-3.0%的P波低速异常存在.双层地幔对流模式表明,在670km间断面以上可有与周围地幔相差约400℃的水平舌状低温区存在,相应于0.5%-1.4%的P波低速异常. 相似文献
244.
本文回顾了国内外金伯利岩及其它地幔岩中发现的K、Ba、Ca、REE的Ti-Cr-Fe-Mg氧化物矿物的研究现状,包括沂蒙矿系列、蒙山矿系列及柱红石系列。在此基础上概括性地总结了笔者近一、二年对山东蒙阴金伯利岩中蒙山矿矿物所进行的微区矿物学方向研究取得的最新进展,包括:①揭示了K、Ba、Ca、REE等半径较大的元素在蒙山矿中的不均匀分布特点;②首次在金伯利岩中发现了蒙山矿系列矿物的Ca端元——Ca蒙山矿及K-Ba-Ca三个端元蒙山矿在同一矿物颗粒中的共存现象;③进行了高分辨透射电镜工作,拍摄了晶格条纹象,从而完善了蒙山矿的晶体结构资料;④确定了蒙山矿后期熔融交代形成的多种矿物相。这些研究成果,证实了地幔交代作用的存在和复杂性,应引起矿物岩石学界的充分重视。 相似文献
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NEUMANN ELSE-RAGNHILD; GRIFFIN WILLIAM LINDSEY; PEARSON NORMAN J.; O'REILLY SUZANNE YVONNE 《Journal of Petrology》2004,45(12):2573-2612
Laser ablation microprobe data are presented for olivine, orthopyroxeneand clinopyroxene in spinel harzburgite and lherzolite xenolithsfrom La Palma, Hierro, and Lanzarote, and new whole-rock trace-elementdata for xenoliths from Hierro and Lanzarote. The xenolithsshow evidence of strong major, trace element and Sr isotopedepletion (87Sr/86Sr 0·7027 in clinopyroxene in themost refractory harzburgites) overprinted by metasomatism. Thelow Sr isotope ratios are not compatible with the former suggestionof a mantle plume in the area during opening of the AtlanticOcean. Estimates suggest that the composition of the originaloceanic lithospheric mantle beneath the Canary Islands correspondsto the residues after 2530% fractional melting of primordialmantle material; it is thus significantly more refractory thannormal mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) mantle. Thetrace element compositions and Sr isotopic ratios of the mineralsleast affected by metasomatization indicate that the upper mantlebeneath the Canary Islands originally formed as highly refractoryoceanic lithosphere during the opening of the Atlantic Oceanin the area. During the Canarian intraplate event the uppermantle was metasomatized; the metasomatic processes includecryptic metasomatism, resetting of the SrNd isotopicratios to values within the range of Canary Islands basalts,formation of minor amounts of phlogopite, and meltwall-rockreactions. The upper mantle beneath Tenerife and La Palma isstrongly metasomatized by carbonatitic or carbonaceous meltshighly enriched in light rare earth elements (REE) relativeto heavy REE, and depleted in ZrHf and Ti relative toREE. In the lithospheric mantle beneath Hierro and Lanzarote,metasomatism has been relatively weak, and appears to be causedby high-Si melts producing concave-upwards trace element patternsin clinopyroxene with weak negative Zr and Ti anomalies. TiAlFe-richharzburgites/lherzolites, dunites, wehrlites and clinopyroxenitesformed from mildly alkaline basaltic melts (similar to thosethat dominate the exposed parts of the islands), and appearto be mainly restricted to magma conduits; the alkali basaltmelts have caused only local metasomatism in the mantle wall-rocksof such conduits. The various metasomatic fluids formed as theresults of immiscible separations, meltwall-rock reactionsand chromatographic fractionation either from a CO2-rich basalticprimary melt, or, alternatively, from a basaltic and a siliceouscarbonatite or carbonaceous silicate melt. KEY WORDS: mantle xenoliths; mantle minerals; trace elements; depletion; carbonatite metasomatism 相似文献
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248.
Experiments on MgSiO3 enstatite were conducted in the pressure range from 13 to 18 GPa under hydrous conditions in order to clarify the effect of water on the melting phase relations of enstatite at pressures corresponding to the Earth’s mantle transition zone. In some previous experiments [Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 79 (1968) 1685; Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 85 (1994) 237], incongruent melting behavior to form Mg2SiO4 forsterite and SiO2 enriched liquid up to 5 GPa was observed, and congruent melting behavior at pressures up to 12 GPa was observed. Under hydrous conditions, we found that the melting reaction changes from congruent to incongruent at around 13.5 GPa. Liquid formed above 13.5 GPa is enriched in MgO component relative to MgSiO3 because it coexists with stishovite (SiO2). Moreover, the solidus temperature decreases drastically at around 13.5 GPa, in unison with the change in the melting reaction. The solidus temperature is about 1400 °C at 13 GPa, but approximately 900 °C at 15 GPa. Our results show that the liquidus phase changes from clinoenstatite to stishovite with increasing pressure and water content above 13.5 GPa. MgSiO3 enstatite is one of the major constituent minerals in the Earth’s mantle, and it is expected that MgO-enriched liquid will be generated in the transition zone if water is present. 相似文献
249.
Yu Nishihara Ichiro Aoki Eiichi Takahashi Ken-ichi Funakoshi 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》2005,148(1):73-84
In situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction experiments were conducted using the SPEED-1500 multi-anvil press at SPring-8 on majoritic garnet synthesized from natural mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB), whose chemical composition is close to the average of oceanic crust, at 19 GPa and 2200 K. Pressure-volume-temperature data were collected using a newly developed high-pressure cell assembly to 21 GPa and 1273 K. Data were fit to the high-temperature Birch-Murnaghan equation of state, with fixed values for the ambient cell volume (V0 = 1574.14(4) Å3) and the pressure derivative of the isothermal bulk modulus (K′T = 4). This yielded an isothermal bulk modulus of KT0 = 173(1) GPa, a temperature derivative of the bulk modulus (∂KT/∂T)P = −0.022(5) GPa K−1, and a volumetric coefficient of thermal expansivity α = a + bT with values of a = 2.0(3) × 10−5 K−1 and b = 1.0(5) × 10−8 K−2. The derived thermoelastic parameters are very similar to those of pyrope. The density of subducted oceanic crust compared to pyrolitic mantle at the conditions in Earth's transition zone (410-660 km depth) was calculated using these results and previously reported thermoelastic parameters for MORB and pyrolite mineral assembledges. These calculations show that oceanic crust is denser than pyrolitic mantle throughout the mantle transition zone along a normal geotherm, and the density difference is insensitive to temperature at the pressures in lower part of the transition zone. 相似文献
250.
Conventional diamond exploration guidelines predict that economic diamond occurrences will be restricted to Archaean cratons, where the lithosphere is thick and cool, and diamond is the stable form of carbon in the lower portions of the lithosphere. However, Australia's current economic diamond deposits are not well predicted by these conventional exploration guidelines. Tomographic images show that Australia's economic diamond deposits lie at step changes in lithospheric thickness within dominantly cratonized Proterozoic provinces with thick (≥ 200 km) lithosphere. The thickest portions of the seismic lithosphere in Australia occur not under the major Archaean cratons, rather the central Proterozoic regions of the continent. We use a numerical code to show that such features are stable, and that the longevity of the diamond stability field is dependent on distance to the continent–ocean boundary, local depth of the chemical boundary layer (CBL), and proximity to changes in CBL depth. We also show that abrupt changes in lithospheric thickness focus lithospheric stress gradients, affecting melt migration paths, and that continental melt production is enhanced in regions adjacent to major cratons. Diamond pipes occur where conditions conducive to diamond stability and deep-seated alkaline volcanism (kimberlite or lamproite) occur simultaneously, and the common confluence of these factors at abrupt changes in lithospheric thickness marks them as potential exploration targets. 相似文献