辽宁弓长岭铁矿区大理岩地质地球化学特征及其成矿意义

弓长岭铁矿床二矿区西北部发现的含磁铁矿白云质大理岩为与条带状硅铁建造整合产出的原始沉积成因碳酸盐岩.本文对该大理岩及其蚀变岩的主量元素、微量元素、稀土元素及碳氧同位素进行了初步研究.大理岩主要化学组成CaO为30.15％～ 34.32％,MgO为9.86％～11.95％,FeOT为6.76％～15.82％;与平均显生宙石灰岩相比,弓长岭大理岩除Pb、Mn富集外,大离子亲石元素和高场强元素明显亏损;与后太古代平均澳大利亚沉积岩(PAAS)相比,弓长岭大理岩稀土元素总量低,明显正铕异常,铈负异常不明显;弓长岭大理岩δ13CV-PDB为-7.0‰～-6.0‰,Y/Ho比值既不同于海水也不同于陆源碎屑.这些特征显示大理岩形成于缺氧的海洋环境,物质来源与海底喷气热液活动有关.大理岩的沉积表明当时海水的酸碱条件已达中性-弱碱性,有利于铁胶体沉淀成矿.大理岩层不仅易于发生构造变形,而且贫铁矿形成富铁矿时迁出的硅质交代大理岩形成了阳起石岩,同时大理岩还为热液交代形成石榴石岩、绿泥石岩和镁铁闪石岩等蚀变岩提供了镁质.     

大地电场岩体裂隙模型的应用基础与震例解析

应用大地电场岩体裂隙模型,对中国大陆主要块体内电磁环境、装置系统较好的40个台站进行分析,发现80%场地岩体裂隙结构处于发育阶段、15%场地裂隙处于排列有序的长大阶段、5%场地岩体较破碎,这些不同阶段的岩体裂隙结构对应着不同的大地电场幅度、方向变化特征.通过对2013年至2018年3月中国大陆6次典型震例解析,发现在强震震中200 km范围内,岩体裂隙处于长大或发育好的场地较集中,而且这些场地在强震前更容易发生岩体剪裂、裂隙优势方位偏转和大幅度突跳等结构变异,200 km外场地裂隙优势方位多发生突跳现象.总体上,这些现象还具有时间准同步性、场地选择性特点.

     

牡丹江地区新生代火山岩初步研究

牡丹江地区上新世至全新世玄武质火山岩基本属于钠质碱性系列岩石。随时代变新,岩石的硅酸不饱和程度和碱含量增高,出现不同的岩石组合。岩石具轻稀土富集的特点,普遍富集大离子亲石元素(K、Rb、Ba、Th等)。据估算,橄榄玄武岩、碱性橄榄玄武岩和响碧玄岩分别为上地幔14.4％及3.2—3.5％部分熔融生成的。这是在库拉板块俯冲作用下,地幔上隆引起的弧后扩张使敦化-密山断裂复活,上地幔发生部分熔融的结果。     

大行星位置测定的现状

大行星位置的测定是天体测量和天体力学中一项长期而重要的任务。本文介绍了测定大行星位置的意义,重点概括了大行星位置测定的现状,最后讨论了高精度测定外行星位置的困难及今后努力的方向。     

中国环境污染的时空差异与集聚特征

通过地市单元和主体功能区单元的定量分析,研究2005~2012年中国环境污染物排放的时空变化和空间集聚格局,提出降低污染物排放强度的对策建议。结果表明：① 环境污染物排放强度呈优化开发区域-重点开发区域-农产品主产区-重点生态功能区依次递减态势,各类主体功能区水环境面临的污染物胁迫程度持续加剧,且以农产品主产区和重点生态功能区最为突出,尽管优化开发区域和重点开发区域的大气污染物排放量呈现小幅下降,但仍然是大气污染物胁迫程度最高的地区。② 地市单元水环境受污染物胁迫态势“总体在加剧、局部有缓解”,东北、东部、中部板块的大部分区域以及西部板块的成渝、新疆中部、呼包鄂等地区呈高排放区连片分布格局;大气环境受污染物胁迫态势“总体较稳定、局部有缓解”,高排放区主要位于山西、内蒙古中西部、陕甘宁豫沿黄地带、环渤海、长三角等地区。③ 中国环境污染排放具有显著的空间集聚效应且呈现增强趋势,其中,华北地区已经成为高污染物排放的主要集聚区,并表现出较强的路径依赖与空间锁定。     

Assessing groundwater-surface water connectivity using radon and major ions prior to coal seam gas development (Richmond River Catchment,Australia)

Coal seam gas (CSG, or coal bed methane) mining is rapidly growing, with poorly understood impacts on groundwater and surface water systems. Here, we use chemical tracers to investigate groundwater-surface water connectivity in an Australian river system (Richmond River Catchment, New South Wales) prior to CSG extraction but after ∼ 50 exploratory CSG wells were drilled. We performed four surveys of 29 interconnected creek and river sites, over contrasting hydrological conditions. Radon was used to determine if a surface water segment was gaining groundwater. Radon observations over four seasons revealed that 28 out of 77 surface water segments were clearly gaining groundwater, 5 were possibly gaining groundwater and 44 were undetermined. This is equivalent to gaining segments in 333 km (39%) of surface water from the 864 km being investigated. High spatial and temporal variability in groundwater gaining segments was found. Na/Cl ratios were used to determine the fraction of groundwater in surface water. Overall, the groundwater contribution in surface waters was 14–24% higher in post flood conditions than during the other three surveys of baseflow and moderate flow conditions. The results serve as a regional baseline assessment of river water chemistry and groundwater-surface water connectivity prior to the planned development of CSG fields. Our geochemical tracer approach allows for a quick qualitative assessment of groundwater-surface water connectivity in poorly gauged river systems and can define priority locations where groundwater extraction for CSG mining should be carefully managed.     

大型工程测量GPS控制网坐标系统的建立

在测量领域,GPS(Global Positioning System)系统已广泛用于大地测量、工程测量、航空摄影测量以及地形测量等各个方面。本文以大型工程测量控制网为例,概略叙述GPS在大型工程控制测量中的应用。     

Mobilization and redistribution of major and trace elements in two weathering profiles developed on serpentinites in the Lomié ultramafic complex, South-East Cameroon

The behaviour of major and trace elements have been studied along two serpentinite weathering profiles located in the Kongo-Nkamouna and Mang North sites of the Lomié ultramafic complex.The serpentinites are characterized by high SiO₂ and MgO contents, very low trace, rare earth and platinum-group element contents. Lanthanide and PGE contents are higher in the Nkamouna sample than in Mang North. Normalized REE patterns according to the CI chondrites reveal that: (i) all REE are below chondrites abundances in the Mang North sample; (ii) the (La/Yb)_N ratio value is higher in the Nkamouna sample (23.72) than in the Mang one (1.78), this confirms the slightly more weathered nature of the Nkamouna sample. Normalized PGE patterns according to the same CI chondrites reveal a negative Pt anomaly in the Mang sample. The Nkamouna sample is characterized by a flat normalized PGE pattern.All element contents increase highly from the parent rock to the coarse saprolite.In the weathering profiles, Fe₂O₃ contents decrease from the bottom to the top contrarily to Al₂O₃, SiO₂ and TiO₂. The contents of alkali and alkaline oxides are under detection limit.Concerning trace elements, Cr, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn and Sc decrease considerably from the bottom to the top while Zr, Th, U, Be, Sb, Sn, W, Ta, Sr, Rb, Hf, Y, Li, Ga, Nb and Pb increase towards the clayey surface soil. Chromium, Ni and Co contents are high in the weathered materials in particular in the saprolite zone and in the nodules.REE contents are high in the weathered materials, particularly in Nkamouna. Their concentrations decrease along both profiles. Light REE are more abundant than heavy REE. Normalized REE patterns according to the parent rock reveal positive Ce anomalies in all the weathered materials and negative Eu anomalies only at the bottom of the coarse saprolite (Nkamouna site). Positive Ce anomalies are higher in the nodular horizon of both profiles. An additional calculation method of lanthanide anomalies, using NASC data, confirms positive Ce anomalies ([Ce/Ce^*]_NASC = 1.15 to 60.68) in several weathered materials except in nodules ([Ce/Ce^*]_NASC = 0.76) of the upper nodular horizon (Nkamouna profile). The (La/Yb)_N ratios values are lower in the Nkamouna profile than in Mang site.PGE are more abundant in the weathered materials than in the parent rock. The highest contents are obtained in the coarse saprolite and in the nodules. The elements with high contents along both profiles are Pt (63–70 ppb), Ru (49–52 ppb) and Ir (41 ppb). Normalized PGE patterns show positive Pt anomalies and negative Ru anomalies.The mass balance evaluation, using thorium as immobile element, reveals that:

– major elements have been depleted along the weathering profile, except for Fe, Mn and Ti that have been enriched even only in the coarse saprolite;

– all the trace elements have been depleted along both profiles, except for Cr, Co, Zn, Sc, Cu, Ba, Y, Ga, U and Nb that have been enriched in the coarse saprolite;

– rare earth elements have been abundantly accumulated in the coarse saprolite, before their depletion towards the top of the profiles;

– platinum-group elements have been abundantly accumulated in the coarse saprolite but have been depleted towards the clayey surface soil.

Moreover, from a pedogenetical point of view, this study shows that the weathering profiles are autochtonous, except in the upper part of the soils where some allochtonous materials are revealed by the presence of zircon grains.