The impact of hurricanes on sedimenting particulate matter in the semi-arid Bahía de La Paz,Gulf of California

From 2002 through 2004, time-series sediment trap samples were collected from a depth of 410 m in Cuenca Alfonso, Bahía de La Paz, on the SW coast of the Gulf of California. The instrument recorded the impact of the local passage of hurricanes “Ignacio” (24–26 August) and “Marty” (21–23 September) in 2003. These two events accounted for 82% of the total rainfall measured in 2003, equivalent to the annual average precipitation in years without hurricanes. Mean total mass fluxes (TMFs) of 2.88 and 3.58 g m⁻² d⁻¹ were measured during the week of each hurricane as well as the following week. This may have been enough to produce a lamina in the underlying sediment with characteristics peculiar to such events. The terrigenous component was particularly abundant, with notably higher concentrations of Fe, Sc, Co and Cs and REEs. In contrast, TMFs throughout 2002–2004 (excluding the hurricane periods) averaged only 0.73 g m⁻² d⁻¹ and had a larger marine biogenic component. The extraordinary elemental fluxes during the 29 days of hurricane-influenced sedimentation represented a great proportion of the totals over an entire “normal” year: Co (67.8%) >Sc (62.6) >Fe (59.6) >Cs (53.4)>Lu (51.5)>La (51.3)>Yb (51.0)>Ce (49.5) >Tb (48.4) >Sm (44.7)>Cr (36.5) >Ca (31.0)>Eu (25.4%). The terrigenous fraction was calculated using (a) TMF minus the sum of CaCO₃, biogenic silica and organic matter and (b) the ratio of Sc in the trap samples to the average in the Earth's crust. The latter was consistently smaller, but the two methods offered similar results following hurricanes (78% vs. 63%, respectively). For normal sedimentation, however, the difference method yielded values twice as large as the Sc method (58% vs. 30%) This suggests that the mineralogy of the terrigenous fraction may also vary, with unsorted dessert soil being carried to sea by the powerful flash floods associated with hurricanes. Eolian supply of particles, particularly Sc-free quartz grains, possibly from beyond the limited fluvial drainage basin, apparently dominates normal sedimentation.     

湖南金船塘锡铋矿床石榴子石原位LA-ICP-MS稀土元素分析及其意义

金船塘锡铋矿床是东坡矿田内一以锡铋为主的大型矽卡岩型多金属矿床。本文在详细野外地质考察、镜下观察以及电子探针分析的基础上,利用高精度LA-ICP-MS对该矿床的矽卡岩内石榴子石原位的微量元素进行了系统的分析。结果表明,金船塘锡铋矿床的钙铝榴石(Gro)大体上具重稀土(HREE)富集、轻稀土(LREE)亏损,负Eu异常的特征;而钙铁榴石(And)不同样品之间存在一定差异性,有的样品显示HREE富集、LREE亏损的特征,有的则轻重稀土分异不明显,除了多数呈Eu负异常外,还有部分表现为弱的正Eu异常,这可能是受钙铝-钙铁榴石混合物中的静电作用所导致。并且,上述不同石榴子石REE分配的差异还进一步指示,钙铝榴石(Gro)矿物生长速率较低,与孔隙流体之间基本保持动态平衡,水/岩(W/R)比值较低,其REE的化学行为主要受到晶体化学等机制的影响;钙铁榴石(And)矿物生长速率较高,具有较高的水/岩(W/R)比值,吸附作用在REE配分模式中起到重要作用。总体上,矽卡岩内的石榴子石的REE的分配呈HREE富集、LREE亏损,负Eu异常的特征,与千里山花岗岩REE分配模式一致,指示了金船塘锡铋矿床的成矿作用可能与千里山花岗岩体具有密切的成因联系。     

南沙群岛珊湖礁潟湖垂直沉降颗粒物中主要元素的生物地球化学过程研究

本文首次报道用沉积物捕捉器（ＳＴ）研究南沙群岛珊瑚礁湖沉降颗粒物中主要元素垂直通量、垂直转移形态、再循环过程及垂直通量与表层海水温度的关系。结果显示,作为生物化学沉积标志的Ｃａ、Ｍｇ具有最高的垂直通量,达１．４和０．１ｇ／（ｍ２·ｄ）以上,作为生物富集标志的Ｂｒ、Ⅰ也有较高的垂直转移量;垂直转移形态的研究表明Ｎａ、Ｋ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ、Ｓｒ主要以碳酸盐结合态向海底转移,其中Ｃａ、Ｍｇ、Ｓｒ占９９％以上,Ｆｅ、Ｉ、Ｂａ主要以铁锰氧化物结合态向海底输送,在垂直沉降颗粒物到达海底后,有相当部分的主要元素可再循环进入水体中,Ｂｒ、Ｉ、Ｋ、Ａｌ的绝大部分进入再循环,Ｍｇ、Ｎａ、Ｃｌ有一半左右进入再循环,Ｃａ、Ｓｒ、Ｂａ、Ｆｅ大部分被埋葬;Ｎａ等９种元素的垂直转移量随ＳＳＴ呈指数降低响应,对ＳＳＴ的敏感性Ｆｅ＞Ｂｒ＞Ｓｒ＞Ｃａ＞Ｎａ＞Ｃｌ＞Ｍｇ＞Ｉ＞Ａｌ,这再一次验证了ＣａＣＯ３随温度升高,其溶解度降低、化学沉积量增加这一自然界的普遍规律,表明在珊瑚礁海水的垂直沉降颗粒物中主要元素是作为珊瑚的重要成分与ＣａＣＯ３一同被沉积下来的,ＣａＣＯ３起到稀释剂的作用。     

Binogeochemical process of major elements in sinking particulate of Nansha coral reef lagoons,South

Ｂｉｎｏｇｅｏｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌ　ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ　ｏｆ　ｍａｊｏｒ　ｅｌｅｍｅｎｔｓ　ｉｎ　ｓｉｎｉｎｇ　ｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｔｅ　ｏｆ　Ｎａｎｓｈａ　ｃｏｒａｌ　ｒｅｅｆ　ｌａｇｏｏｎｓ，Ｓｏｕｔｈ　TXＢｉｎｏｇｅｏｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｏｆｍ...     

2012—2016年象山近岸海域水质评价与模拟研究

为了解象山近岸海域水质污染状况,文章根据2012—2016年象山县近岸海域的水质监测结果,分析象山近岸海域水质现状及年际变化。应用灰色预测的模型来对象山近岸海域水质主要污染物的相关数据进行处理,得出主要污染物的预测结果。分析结果表明：象山近岸海域主要污染物为无机氮。用预测结果和实际数值通过残差验证,最后模拟出今后几年的监测值,为象山县近岸海域生态环境相关管理部门提供数据支撑和决策依据。     

A novel method to estimate mineral compositions of mudrocks: A case study for the Canadian unconventional petroleum systems

The mineral composition of mudrocks is an essential attribute in controlling the reservoir quality of unconventional petroleum systems. The present study introduces a semi-quantitative method to estimate mineral phases of mudrocks in various Canadian unconventional hydrocarbon systems using total elemental analysis (inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)) and Rock-Eval data (total organic carbon (TOC) and mineral carbon (MinC)).This method involves statistical analysis based on a sound knowledge of hydrocarbon source rock inorganic geochemistry. The workflow can be divided into four steps: (i) converting major elements (Si, Al, Fe, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Ti, and P) to their oxides, (ii) inferring modes of occurrence of elements using statistical analysis of geochemical data (major elements, TOC, and MinC), (iii) identifying the mineral types (oxide, aluminosilicates, carbonates, sulfide, and phosphate) according to elemental occurrences and calculating mineral phase concentrations, and (iv) verifying the results by comparing to XRD data on selected samples. The results, especially for brittle minerals such as quartz, carbonates (e.g. calcite, dolomite, and ankerite), and pyrite, show that the estimated mineral compositions correspond closely and consistently with measured mineralogy obtained from XRD. This method takes advantage of bulk geochemical data already available for hydrocarbon potential and chemostratigraphic studies, without devoting additional samples and cost for XRD analysis.     

RTK技术在杭州湾跨海大桥桥位地形测绘中的应用

介绍了RTK技术在杭州湾跨海大桥桥位地形测绘中的应用,并对其定位结果进行了精度比较与分析,结果表明:RTK定位测量的点位精度可达厘米级,各点位之间不存在误差积累,与全站仪等测量手段取得的结果符合得较好,可以用来代替二三级导线控制测量和等外水准等测量方法;流动站与基准站的距离在10km范围以内时,应用RTK技术对近岸水下地形进行测量具有方便、快捷、精度高等特点,但当此距离超过10km时,其精度则难以保证。杭州湾跨海大桥施工时应用RTK技术进行定位、高程测量,可提高工作效率和成果的质量。     

The anomalous properties of Markarian 1460

We present and discuss optical, near-infrared and H  i measurements of the galaxy Markarian 1460 at a distance of 19 Mpc in the Ursa Major Cluster. This low-luminosity ( M _B =−14) galaxy is unusual because (i) it is blue ( B − R =0.8) and has the spectrum of an H  ii galaxy, (ii) it has a light profile that is smooth and well fitted by an r ^1/4 and not an exponential function at all radii larger than the seeing, and (iii) it has an observed central brightness of about μ _B =20 mag arcsec⁻² , intermediate between those of elliptical galaxies (on the bright μ _B side) and normal low-luminosity dwarf irregular (on the low μ _B side) galaxies. No other known galaxy exhibits all these properties in conjunction. On morphological grounds this galaxy looks like a normal distant luminous elliptical galaxy, since the Fundamental Plane tells us that higher luminosity normal elliptical galaxies tend to have lower surface-brightnesses. Markarian 1460 has 2×10⁷ M_⊙ of H  i and a ratio M (H  i )/ L _B of 0.2, which is low compared to the typical values for star-forming dwarf galaxies. From the high surface-brightness and r ^1/4 profile, we infer that the baryonic component of Markarian 1460 has become self-gravitating through dissipative processes. From the colours, radio continuum, H  i and optical emission line properties, and yet smooth texture, we infer that Markarian 1460 has had significant star formation as recently as ∼1 Gyr ago but not today.     

Spatial distribution of metals in ground/surface waters in the Chandrapur district (Central India) and their plausible sources

This study addresses a framework to evaluate and map environmental hazard with reference to spatial distribution of major and trace metal contamination and its relationship with lithology in Chandrapur district of Maharashtra, India using geospatial, statistical and GIS tools. In all, 208 ground water and 35 surface water samples were collected using global positioning system (GPS) synoptically with satellite imagery IRS P6 LISS III and were analyzed in ICP-AES. Analytical results reflect the presence of major and trace metals in ground water in terms of % as Fe (48%), Mn (12%), Zn (9%), Al (8%), Pb (7%), Cu (6%), Ni (4%), Cd (3%) and Cr (3%) of the total average concentration. The contamination is attributed to weathering of rocks and also to mining activities. Similarly, surface water contribution of major and trace metals was found as Al (47.8%), Fe (42.8%), Mn (5.5%), Zn (2.3%), Pb (0.56%), Ni (0.42%), Cu (0.16%), Cr (0.16%) and Cd (0.10%) of the total average concentration. Ordinary kriging interpolation method was adopted to assess the spatial distribution of different major and trace metals in groundwater samples with their best model fit variogram Classical statistical method like principal component analysis (PCA) was carried out in order to establish correlation between spatial pattern of metal contamination and geology of the area in GIS environment. Various surface and subsurface aspects like landuse/land cover, structural features, hydrogeology, topography etc were also considered to ascertain their impact to supplement the inference of the study.     

基于主体功能区规划的中国城乡建设用地扩张时空特征遥感分析

21世纪以来,随着中国社会经济的快速发展,城乡建设用地不断扩张,对社会经济和生态环境造成了一系列影响.为了国家可持续发展目标的实现,必须对国土开发空间布局做出科学的规划.为此,一些学者开展了国家主体功能区规划方案研究,其研究成果支持了国家主体功能区规划的制定,该规划于2010年底颁布实施.为分析各类主体功能区在规划颁布前后城乡建设用地变化的特征,评估规划对区域开发的指导作用,及时发现规划实施中的问题,有必要采取有效手段对不同类型主体功能区的国土开发活动进行监测和评估.为此,本研究团队在已完成的2000年和2010年两期全国土地利用变化数据库的基础上,更新了2013年全国土地利用数据库,生成分期的城乡建设用地空间数据集;并对国家尺度各类主体功能区,以及东部,中部,西部,东北4大区域在主体功能区规划颁布前10年间(2000-2010年)和后3年内(2010-2013年)城乡建设用地扩张特征与差异进行了对比分析.结果表明:① 总体而言,2013年优化开发区,重点开发区,农产品主产区和重点生态功能区城乡建设用地在该类主体功能区国土面积中的占比明显不同,体现了国土开发按照不同主体功能布局的梯级特征.② 与2000-2010年相比,2010-2013年优化开发区城乡建设用地年增长率明显降低,重点开发区,农产品主产区和重点生态功能区建设用地年增长率均大幅增加;其中重点开发区和农产品主产区的城乡建设用地年均扩张面积已经超过了优化开发区;重点生态功能区城乡建设用地年均扩张面积和动态度仍处于最低的水平.③ 在区域尺度,优化开发区中,长江三角洲地区建设用地年均增量明显高于其他优化开发区;重点开发区中,西部地区在年增加面积和增加速率两方面均高于其他区域;农产品主产区中,东部,中部和西部地区内城乡建设用地年增加面积均超过前10年的2倍,西部地区的年增加速率更是达到前10年的3倍以上;重点生态功能区中,中部地区城乡建设用地的年变化率和动态度的增长均最为显著.④ 2010-2013年中国城乡建设用地扩张的空间格局和变化特征,在总体上体现了主体功能区规划的梯级开发特征.但是,局部优化开发区,农产品主产区和重点生态功能区建设用地的扩张速度过快,必须切实加强空间管控.研究表明,采用空间格局变化的分析方法,开展主体功能区规划颁布前后两个时期城乡建设用地扩张特征与分阶段区域差异的分析,清晰刻画出不同功能区和不同地区建设用地变化规律及其与主体功能区规划的契合程度,证明了该分析方法的有效性,可据此为未来国土开发空间格局的优化和城乡建设发展提供科学依据.