Analyse multi-échelle par ondelettes des contacts géologiques : application à la carte gravimétrique du Maroc nord-oriental

The multiscale wavelet analysis has been applied to the gravity data from northeastern Morocco to map the major geological contacts, such us faults. Hence, the faults affecting the survey area were outlined with their importance level and dip direction. Seismic data confirm these results and testify the efficiency of this method, particularly in studying structure of plains. The structural map established is a very useful document in the planning of natural resources investigations (i.e. water, mines) to be undertaken in the area of study. To cite this article: D. Khattach et al., C. R. Geoscience 338 (2006).     

Sequential Separation of Uranium,Hafnium and Neodymium from Natural Waters Concentrated by Iron Coprecipitation

A new ion exchange chromatography method is presented for the isolation of high field‐strength elements (HFSE) from freshwater and seawater samples that have undergone iron coprecipitation. Large volumes of water can be condensed through the application of iron coprecipitation, but clean separation of elements from the precipitate proves difficult. The technique described is a five‐column process designed to separate the HFSE, including rare earth elements such as neodymium and hafnium, before removing the iron and isolating uranium. Subsequent isolation of Nd and Hf was achieved using established ion exchange chromatography methods. The efficacy of our chemistry was verified by measurements of analytical reference materials – both reference solutions and seawater samples – subjected to the chemical separation methods described. Elution results indicate high yields (> 90%) determined by concentration measurements of a known reference material added to each column. Measurement results for isotopic compositions of seawater (U, Nd) and reference solutions (NIST SRM 960, U) were identical within uncertainty to previously published values. Compositions were identical between solutions (Spex CLMS3, Spex PLND2) that underwent different iron coprecipitation procedures. Isotopic determinations for reference materials JNdi‐1 and NIST SRM 960 measured with the mass spectrometers used in this study were in agreement with universally accepted values for these materials, and indicate high precision.     

An Evaluation of the Inter‐Method Discrepancies in Ferromanganese Nodule Proficiency Test GeoPT 23A

Round 23 of the GeoPT international proficiency testing scheme included the ferromanganese nodule powder FeMn‐1 which was distributed as an additional sample (23A). The aim of this initiative was to assess overall analytical performance for such a challenging oxide matrix with a view to the possible certification of such a material in accordance with ISO Guide requirements. To investigate inter‐method discrepancies, precision data and the method means for the most frequently used analytical methods (XRF, ICP‐MS and ICP‐AES) and sample preparation techniques were calculated and then compared using statistical tests of equivalence. For most major elements, XRF and ICP‐AES data dominated and these were found to give equivalent results. In contrast, for most trace elements significant discrepancies were detected between data obtained by different analytical methods. Possible causes are discussed with a view to attributing their origin to calibration strategy, sensitivity or interferences. It is assumed that the unusual oxide matrix generated unexpected interferences and thus method bias. Discrepancies observed between data from different analytical methods provide valuable information for the participating analysts, helping them to avoid systematic errors and thus minimising bias. They also suggest actions necessary to improve results for any future certification of such a material.     

Comparison of Two Sample Preparation Methods for X‐Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry in the Determination of Ni and Cr

Pressed powder pellets and fused beads or glass disks are routinely used in X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry for the determination of major and trace elements, respectively, in geological materials. In order to evaluate the performance of these two sample preparation methods, we determined Ni and Cr concentrations of fourteen RMs from Japan, France and South Africa, and eighty‐five igneous and three sedimentary rock samples from Mexico in both powder pellets and glass beads. We also computed new values of statistical parameters for RMs from an outlier‐based multiple‐test method and compared them with the literature mean and confidence limit values. The results showed that the multiple‐test method provided more reliable central tendency and dispersion parameters for RMs than those obtained previously from the two or three standard deviation method, or from robust methods. The powder pellet and fused bead sample preparation methods provided consistent results for Ni and Cr at concentration levels > 50 μg g^?1 in this application; for lower concentration levels, however, these methods showed somewhat greater differences. For quantitative comparisons, both ordinary and weighted least‐squares linear regression models were used to show that the two sample preparation methods provided generally unbiased results.     

混杂岩基本特征与专题地质填图

混杂岩是造山带内最常见的地质体和最基本的大地构造相单元,是由多种地质作用共同形成的可作为一定比例尺（1：25000或更大）的地质填图单元,并由块体和基质共同构成的内部无序的岩石混杂体。混杂岩的形成和就位构造环境不一致,并非所有混杂岩都具有古板块构造格局指示意义。蛇绿混杂岩和增生杂岩可作为古洋盆和汇聚板块边界的直接判别标志,其结构、组成与时空配置共同记录了古大洋板块地层系统发展及大陆地壳侧向与垂向增生历史。以大洋板块地层、海山理想层序和蛇绿岩"彭罗斯"层序模型为指导,专题地质填图是揭示造山带蛇绿混杂岩和增生杂岩结构、组成及其时空配置关系与形成机制的有效手段。这可为洋-陆转换研究及提高造山带结构深化认知程度提供直接证据,同时指导混杂岩相关矿床勘探与找矿预测。     

西南三江甘孜-理塘洋晚古生代构造演化：来自理塘蛇绿混杂岩堆晶辉长岩U-Pb年龄的约束

理塘县高城镇西北的擦岗隆洼岩组是一套以玄武岩为基质的蛇绿混杂岩,通过该蛇绿混杂岩中堆晶辉长岩的LA-ICP-MS 锆石U-Pb定年,显示其年龄范围介于349 ~ 274 Ma之间,形成2个年龄组：第一组斜锆石206Pb/238U年龄加权平均值为346±17 Ma,代表堆晶辉长岩早期岩浆活动的时代;第二组斜锆石206Pb/238U年龄加权平均值为286.2±5.1 Ma,代表了堆晶辉长岩晚期岩浆活动的结晶年龄。擦岗隆洼岩组的超基性—基性岩具有N-MORB（正常洋中脊玄武岩）和E-MORB（富集型洋中脊玄武岩）组合特征,指示这些岩石可能形成于洋中脊环境,岩浆物质源自N-MORB所代表的亏损上地幔源区受地幔柱交代混染后而形成的混合源区。研究认为,甘孜−理塘洋最早可能在中泥盆世,受区域地幔柱活动影响开始拉张,导致中咱地块从扬子陆块西缘裂离,并在早石炭世发育形成洋盆。在中晚三叠世甘孜−理塘洋壳开始向西俯冲,并于晚三叠世末闭合,区域进入弧陆碰撞造山阶段。     

鄂北大洪山地区“花山群”的解体

岩性—构造填图结果表明,大洪山区的原“花山群”实际上包含３套不同时代、不同环境的物质建造,应予以解体。其中襄广断裂带内分布的以基性火山岩为主的一套岩系是构造侵位的蛇绿混杂岩,称之为花山蛇绿混杂岩;大洪山以西的耿集—板桥火山—沉积岩系,是南秦岭随县群的构造岩块;剔除这两者之后的碎屑沉积岩系定为真正意义的花山群,沉积时代为晚元古代。     

甘肃红石山地区泥盆纪—石炭纪有限洋盆重建与蛇绿混杂岩深部结构

采用构造岩相学和构造-古地理单元恢复、AMT、地面高精度磁法等综合方法,对甘肃红石山和邻区泥盆纪—石炭纪有限洋盆进行重建,对红石山蛇绿混杂岩带进行构造岩相学解剖和深部探测。划分出5个构造层,前华里西期、华里西期、印支期、燕山期和喜山期。北部构造带为四顶黑山-雀儿山晚古生代岩浆弧相,中部构造带红石山蛇绿混杂岩带恢复为泥盆纪—石炭纪有限洋盆相+洋壳残片相,南部构造带为白山-狼娃山晚古生代岛弧相。蛇绿岩套从下到上的垂向单元为晚泥盆世—早石炭世变质超镁铁杂岩→堆晶超镁铁-镁铁岩→均质辉长岩和少量的辉绿岩墙→早石炭世扫子山期深水相硅质岩和含炭硅质细碎屑岩（有限洋盆相）。陆缘海相岛弧地体南北两侧为早石炭世扫子山期和白山期浅海相火山岛弧带。哈萨克斯坦板块南缘南向俯冲碰撞在敦煌地块北缘增生楔构造背景下,形成SSZ型蛇绿岩套。红石山构造-蛇绿混杂岩带与周缘地质体具有不同的构造岩相学边界,从北向南具有明显的4个构造岩相学水平分带,中心部位为超基性岩构造岩块单元,以糜棱岩相辉长岩和蛇纹石片岩为包络面的构造岩片（基质单元）,蛇绿混杂岩带总体为无根状大型透镜体。红石山构造-蛇绿混杂岩带将两侧地质体卷入混杂岩带内,这种复杂镶嵌结构的构造岩相体有利于形成大型-超大型斑岩型金铜钼矿床、浅成低温热液金矿床和造山型金矿床。     

西天山特克斯一带双变质带特征

特克斯一带双变质带是西天山双变质带重要组成部分.对特克斯一带双变质带特征的详细观察和讨论,可能对整个西天山双变质带深入研究起到解剖麻雀的作用.低压相系变质岩是以堇青石片岩类为代表;高压相系变质岩是以蓝闪石片岩类为代表.在后继的收缩体制下,由于陆-陆碰撞作用,使能干性不同的层状变质岩叠置到一起,经过强烈纵向构造置换作用,使能干性较强的蓝闪石片岩类(包括大理岩)变成透镜状、似层状岩石,嵌在数量较多、能干性较弱的堇青片岩类里,构成双变质带混杂体.变质作用的时间约为晚志留世末.堇青石片岩类为低压相系角闪岩相岛弧型变质作用;蓝闪石片岩类属于高压相系低绿片岩相俯冲带型变质作用.