Modeling an atypical petroleum system: A case study of hydrocarbon generation,migration and accumulation related to igneous intrusions in the Neuquen Basin,Argentina

In the Altiplanicie del Payún area (Neuquen Basin, Argentina), immature source rock sections intruded by up to 600 m thick Tertiary laccoliths show full spectrum maturity aureoles over hundreds of meters from the contacts. Commercial oil accumulations (20–33°API) and oil shows are located along the entire column, both in sandstone/carbonate and fractured igneous reservoirs. A challenging numerical model that included the emplacement of the intrusive bodies, with extreme temperature ranges and unusually short calculation time steps, has been done with the aim to better understand hydrocarbon generation and migration processes related to these thermal anomalies.     

Brine-pool deposition for the Zn–Pb–Cu massive sulphide deposits of the Bathurst mining camp, New Brunswick, Canada. II. Ocean anoxia during mineralisation

Current models of massive sulphide ore genesis in the Bathurst mining camp, New Brunswick, involve settling of sulphide particles from a stagnating, low-salinity hydrothermal plume spreading laterally in an anoxic ocean layer with minimal sulphate content. There is fragmentary evidence of ocean anoxia in the form of local fine lamination in the shales that host some of the deposits but the total organic carbon, S, Fe, U/Th, Ni/Co, V/Ni and V/Cr relationships indicate deposition under oxic or dysoxic conditions. Vanadium and Mn values range from oxic to anoxic and sulphate-reducing to non-sulphate reducing but Mn may be anomalously low due to derivation by erosion of acidic volcanic rocks. The somewhat equivocal physical and chemical data, combined with the likely disturbing effects of penecontemporaneous volcanism, considerably weaken the case for an anoxic bottom layer in a static ocean. The presence of barite with ambient seawater ³⁴S values in Brunswick no. 12 ore, and the abundance of sulphate in modern euxinic basin waters, make a sulphate-free layer unlikely, even if anoxic. Sulphate-bearing, low-salinity fluids mixing with seawater would lead to growth of barite-bearing chimneys and baritic rubble mounds, which are not observed. A model involving brine-pool deposition better explains the major features of the Bathurst ores.     

Geology,ore facies and sulphur isotopes of the Koushk vent-proximal sedimentary-exhalative deposit,Posht-e-Badam Block,Central Iran

The Koushk zinc–lead deposit in the central part of the Zarigan–Chahmir basin, central Iran, is the largest of several sedimentary–exhalative (SEDEX) deposits in this basin, including the Chahmir, Zarigan, and Darreh-Dehu deposits. The host-rock sequence consists of carbonaceous, fine-grained black siltstone with interlayered rhyolitic tuffs. It corresponds to the upper part of the Lower Cambrian volcano-sedimentary sequence that was deposited on the Posht-e-Badam Block due to back-arc rifting of the continental margin of the Central Iranian Microcontinent. This block includes the late Neoproterozoic metamorphic basement of the Iran plate, overlain by rocks dating from the Early Cambrian to the Mesozoic. Based on ore body structure, mineralogy, and ore fabric, we recognize four different ore facies in the Koushk deposit: (1) a stockwork/feeder zone, consisting of a discordant mineralization of sulphides forming a stockwork of sulphide-bearing dolomite (quartz) veins cutting the footwall sedimentary rocks; (2) a massive ore/vent complex, consisting of massive replacement pyrite, galena, and sphalerite with minor arsenopyrite and chalcopyrite; (3) bedded ore, with laminated to disseminated pyrite, sphalerite, and galena; and (4) a distal facies, with minor disseminated and laminated pyrite, banded cherts, and disseminated barite. Carbonatization and sericitization are the main wall-rock alterations; alteration intensity increases towards the feeder zone. The δ³⁴S composition of pyrite, sphalerite, and galena ranges from?+6.5 to?+36.7‰. The highest δ³⁴S values correspond to bedded ore (+23.8 to?+36.7‰) and the lowest to massive ore (+6.5 to?+?17.8‰). The overall range of δ³⁴S is remarkably higher than typical magmatic values, suggesting that sulphides formed from the reduction of seawater sulphate by bacteriogenic sulphate reduction in a closed or semi-closed system in the bedded ore, whereas thermochemical sulphate reduction likely played an important role in the feeder zone. Sulphur isotopes, along with sedimentological, textural, mineralogical, and geochemical evidences, suggest that this deposit should be classified as a vent-proximal SEDEX ore deposit.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987111000429

The three most crucial factors for the formation of large and super-large magmatic sulfide deposits are: (1) a large volume of mantle-derived mafic-ultramafic magmas that participated in the formation of the deposits; (2) fractional crystallization and crustal contamination, particularly the input of sulfur from crustal rocks, resulting in sulfide immiscibility and segregation; and (3) the timing of sulfide concentration in the intrusion. The super-large magmatic Ni-Cu sulfide deposits around the world have been found in small mafic-ultramafic intrusions, except for the Sudbury deposit. Studies in the past decade indicated that the intrusions hosting large and super-large magmatic sulfide deposits occur in magma conduits, such as those in China, including Jinchuan (Gansu), Yangliuping (Sichuan), Kalatongke (Xinjiang), and Hongqiling (Jilin). Magma conduits as open magma systems provide a perfect environment for extensive concentration of immiscible sulfide melts, which have been found to occur along deep regional faults. The origin of many mantle-derived magmas is closely associated with mantle plumes, intracontinental rifts, or post-collisional extension. Although it has been confirmed that sulfide immiscibility results from crustal contamination, grades of sulfide ores are also related to the nature of the parental magmas, the ratio between silicate magma and immiscible sulfide melt, the reaction between the sulfide melts and newly injected silicate magmas, and fractionation of the sulfide melt. The field relationships of the ore-bearing intrusion and the sulfide ore body are controlled by the geological features of the wall rocks. In this paper, we attempt to demonstrate the general characteristics, formation mechanism,tectonic settings, and indicators of magmatic sulfide deposits occurring in magmatic conduits which would provide guidelines for further exploration.     

Geochronology and geochemistry of lithium-rich tuffs in the Sichuan basin,western Yangtze: Implication for the magmatic origin and final closure of eastern Paleo-Tethys

The felsic volcanogenic tuffs named “green-bean rocks” (GBRs), characterized by a green or yellowish green color, are widely distributed in the western Yangtze platform and have a high lithium content (286–957 ppm). This paper studies the ages, origin and tectonic setting of the GBRs in the Sichuan basin on the western margin of the Yangtze platform through the whole-rock geochemistry and zircon trace elements by using U–Pb dating and Hf–O isotopes. The GBR samples from the Quxian and Beibei sections yielded zircon U–Pb ages of 245.5 ± 1.8 Ma and 244.8 ± 2.2 Ma. These samples can be used as the isochronous stratigraphic marker of the Early–Middle Triassic boundary (EMTB) for regional correlation. The whole-rock and zircon geochemistry, and zircon Hf–O isotopes exhibited S-type geochemical affinities with high positive δ¹⁸O values (9.28‰–11.98‰), low negative ε_Hf(t) values (?13.87 to ? 6.79), and T_DM² ages of 2150–1703 Ma, indicating that the lithium-rich GBRs were generated by the remelting of the pre-existing ancient Paleoproterozoic layer without mantle source contamination in the arc-related/orogenic tectonic setting. The results of this study demonstrate that the lithium-rich GBRs in the western Yangtze platform were derived from arc volcanic eruptions along the Sanjiang orogen, triggered by the closure of the eastern Paleo-Tethys Ocean and the syn-collision between the continental Indochina and Yangtze blocks at ca. 247 Ma. This was marked by a major shift from I-type magmas with intermediate ε_Hf(t) values to S-type magmas with low negative ε_Hf(t) values. Collectively, our results provide new insights into the origin of the GBRs and decodes the closure of the eastern Paleo-Tethys.     

广西丹池成矿带芒场矿田岩浆岩源区特征及锆石U-Pb年龄分析

丹池成矿带是我国重要锡多金属成矿带,过去对丹池成矿带成岩成矿研究主要集中在大厂矿田及五圩矿田,而对丹池成矿带北部的芒场矿田岩浆作用时代、源区特征及其成矿性缺少分析。芒场矿田岩浆活动强烈,发育隐伏斑状花岗岩及有关的花岗斑岩脉和隐伏细粒花岗斑岩及有关的白云母花岗斑岩脉。本文分析花岗斑岩脉U-Pb年龄及花岗斑岩脉和白云母花岗斑岩脉主、微量元素组成,以探讨岩浆活动时代、岩浆源区特征及其成矿潜力。芒场矿田花岗斑岩脉锆石U-Pb年龄为89.1±0.9Ma（MSWD=0.9）,和丹池成矿带内大厂矿田岩浆活动时代相近,表明丹池成矿带岩浆活动时代都发生于90Ma左右。白云母花岗斑岩脉具高A/CNK比值（2.69~2.88）,含高铝硅酸盐矿物白云母及在Th-Rb图上沿S型花岗岩趋势线分布,和大厂矿田S型黑云母花岗岩的特征基本一致,表明其主要为S型花岗岩。花岗斑岩脉形成时代晚于白云母花岗斑岩脉,但其具有更低的SiO₂含量和更高的MgO、Fe₂O₃^T、CaO和TiO₂含量,且在SiO₂与TiO₂、Fe₂O₃^T、Al₂O₃和P₂O₅关系图中分布于不同区域,没有线性变化关系,显示两者不是同一岩浆结晶分异演化形成的,而为不同沉积变质岩部分熔融形成的。白云母花岗斑岩脉富Al₂O₃、K₂O、Rb、Cs、Sn、W、Nb和Ta,在Rb/Ba-Rb/Sr图上位于富粘土源区,为强风化作用形成的富粘土质富稀有金属源区部分熔融形成的产物。华南西部基底发育经强风化作用形成的富粘土质富稀有金属元素沉积变质源区,为华南西南缘大规模锡矿床的形成提供了物质基础。

     

新疆图拉尔根镁铁-超镁铁质杂岩体镍铜钴成矿岩浆作用过程:流体化学与碳同位素组成制约

东天山造山带的图拉尔根镁铁-超镁铁杂岩体为一个早古生代长期活动的幔源岩浆通道,大型铜镍钴硫化物矿体赋存于Ⅰ号超镁铁质岩体的顶部,不同类型岩石中辉石矿物的流体挥发份化学组成以H₂O为主（平均91%,5400.4mm³/g）,其次为H₂（2.0%）、H₂S（2.3%）和CO₂（2.1%）;赋矿角闪橄榄岩中CO₂和H₂S含量最高,辉长岩中流体挥发份含量低于辉石橄榄岩和橄榄辉石岩等岩浆早期结晶的岩石。CO₂和CH₄的δ¹³C值位于地壳与甲烷氧化的范围内,甲烷同系物的碳同位素组成具有正序分布模式,部分样品（TLG512）释出的CH₄和C₂H₆具有较重的δ¹³C值和反序分布特征。表明Ⅰ号岩体不同类型岩石可能是不同期次岩浆活动的产物,成矿岩浆具有富H₂O和H₂S的特征,可能起源于被流体交代的亏损地幔源区,混染壳源组分可能为俯冲板片来源蚀变沉积有机质组分。

     

论五大连池火山岩浆演化

五大连池第四纪火山事件为同源多期喷发。据矿物中岩浆包裹体温压地球化学研究,五大连池火山岩浆为一种含水2～4％(wt.％)的富钾玄武质岩浆,浅部结晶(压力<100MPa)。火山演化历史中,从中更新世早期至近代(1719～1721年)喷发,岩浆的MgO、CaO,FeO含量、CO_2浓度,首晶相橄榄石的结晶温度和压力不断增高;SiO_2、TiO_2、K_2O含量、氧逸度和H_2O、CH_4、H_2S的浓度趋于下降,Cl、P、F的浓度也呈现有规律变化。这些特点是岩浆房内岩浆分层作用的反映,火山岩浆的喷发序次与岩浆房内的分层次序相反。火山岩浆的低S含量(<600ppm)及Sr、O、Nd、Pb等同位素研究数据表明,它们源自上地慢,且基本未受地壳物质混染。     

高盐度,高温和高成矿金属的岩浆成矿流体—以格拉斯伯格Cu—Au矿为例

印度尼西北格拉斯伯格Ｃｕ－Ａｕ矿是与斑状的石英二长岩体有关的斑岩矿床,石英二长岩遭受了钾化为主的们随有绢云图和磁铁矿化的蚀变,Ｃｕ－Ａｕ矿化可分为网脉型和浸染型,以前者为主,含金的黄铜矿石英脉切穿了岩体和钾化蚀变带。本次研究见到四类包裹体,即岩民裹体、含子矿物包裹体、所体包裹体和液体包裹体,与矿化有关的是含子矿物包裹体和气体裹体,这两类包裹体的均一温度从４００℃到〉７００℃,含子包裹体和液体包裹体     

安徽沿江地区中生代岩浆岩的基本特点

安徽沿江地区位于长江中下游岩浆带中段,中生代岩浆活动强烈,类型复杂,特点突出。它具有夹心饼干式分带现象。中间为富碱的高钾钙碱性岩系和橄榄安粗岩系;两侧为钙碱性岩系。中间的岩浆岩具有高钾富碱、高Ｓｒ,低Ｍｇ、Ｃｒ、Ｎｉ,εＮｄ变化大但Ｉｓｒ变化小且较低以及岩浆演化的多样性为特点。