金平棉花地钛磁铁矿大坡矿段成矿条件

基性-超基性岩浆杂岩是区内钛磁铁矿床的母岩体,矿体产于岩体中及边部,凤港组角闪斜长片麻岩和黑云斜长片麻岩是有利围岩,矿床成因属岩浆晚期结晶分异-变质矿床。预测本区有中-大型铁矿规模的找矿前景。     

东疆天宇岩浆Cu-Ni矿床的铂族元素地球化学特征及其对岩浆演化、硫化物熔离的指示

新疆东部天宇镁铁-超镁铁杂岩体位于中天山地块的北部边缘,北侧为塔里木板块前缘活动带－沙泉子深大断裂。该杂岩体由辉长岩、辉石岩、橄辉岩、辉橄岩和橄榄岩组成,橄辉岩、辉橄岩和橄榄岩是主要的Cu、Ni矿赋矿岩相。同位素稀释法测得的铂族元素（PGE）结果显示天宇镁铁-超镁铁岩和铜镍矿石中∑PGE含量低（0.106～57.369ppb）,为原始地幔的0.01～1倍。随岩石基性程度的升高,铂族元素含量略有增高。不同矿化程度的矿石大致表现出随硫化物含量的增多,∑PGE含量增高的趋势。岩石和矿石标准化曲线均表现出正斜率,Pt都为负异常或无异常（TY602-29除外）。根据岩浆和硫化物中Ni和S含量计算,得出天宇铜镍硫化物矿床R值为348～3807,该R值范围可以形成铜镍矿床,但无法形成铂族元素矿床。Pd/Ir-Cu/Ni的投图显示原始岩浆主要为高Mg玄武岩。矿石中100％硫化物PGE含量远低于地幔5％部分熔融形成的岩浆（R＝1000时）中PGE含量,与高Mg玄武岩10％的熔融程度不符。通过模拟计算,天宇矿区存在同源但R值不同的两批岩浆。     

巴尔喀什-准噶尔地区地层及岩浆岩概述

巴尔喀什-准噶尔地区地层出露齐全,岩浆岩发育,太古-元古代以片岩、片麻岩、麻粒岩等变质岩系为主,为以1 230～1 100 Ma侵入的辉长-辉绿岩、花岗岩为代表的格林威尔造山事件结果,其后的里菲系多具盖层性质.文德系出露冰碛岩及碱性火山岩,象征古陆(罗丁尼亚古陆)解体;古生代地层可划分为稳定及活动型两种类型.前者为在稳定陆壳基底上的盖层,后者为古亚洲洋发展、演化至消亡全过程的不同沉积建造特征及建造组合;中-新生代地层代表陆内盆地发展、演化阶段的各类沉积.火山岩按时代分别作了介绍,总体特征是前寒武纪以偏碱性岩浆活动为主,古生代多为钙碱系列,后期发育舣峰式火山岩.中-新生代为大陆玄武岩、流纹岩岩流及部分碱性岩类.侵入岩共划分为5大侵入期,并按时代分别作了介绍.     

Modelled palaeo-temperature on Vøring, offshore mid-Norway — The effect of the Lower Crustal Body

The Vøring area, offshore mid-Norway has a complex geological history, has experienced several extensional phases and was significantly influenced by the break-up of the North Atlantic. We have modelled a cross-section over the Vøring Basin aiming to 1) reconstruct the basin evolution in a realistic way, and 2) to investigate the heat flow and temperature history in the basin.For the modelling we used the following tectonic events: the opening of the basin during the Permo-Triassic, an event during the Middle to Late Cretaceous and an event in the Late Cretaceous/Paleocene. The theoretical effects of the lithospheric stretching are depending on the palaeo-water depths of the area. We present a prediction of the palaeo-water depth, and a sensitivity analysis of the influence of the palaeo-water depth on the estimated beta-factors in the area.A lower crustal high-velocity body found in the area is often interpreted as magmatic underplating related to the break-up of the Norwegian Sea. We show the temperature history calculated by models that were run with and without assumption of underplating by a magmatic body emplaced during the Early Tertiary. The observed vitrinite reflectance in the Vøring area is best explained by numerical calculations of the vitrinite reflectance without a magmatic underplating. Our conclusion is that the Lower Crustal Body is not related to magmatic underplating or to significant sill intrusions. The body may consist of older mafic rocks, or a mixture of old continental crust and mafic intrusions.     

浙江建德铜矿成矿流体、成矿物质来源与矿床成因探讨

浙江建德铜矿位于钦杭结合带北东段,是浙江省最大的铜矿之一,该矿床的成因一直存在争议。本文在详细的野外调查基础上,对建德铜矿成矿期流体包裹体及氢、氧、硫同位素进行了系统测定。流体包裹体研究表明,建德铜矿主要发育三类包裹体:Ⅰ类富液相气液两相包裹体,Ⅱ类富气相气液两相包裹体,以及Ⅲ类含子晶包裹体。显微测温结果显示:Ⅰ类富液相包裹体加热后均一到液相,均一温度分布范围主要集中在280~340℃,流体包裹体盐度0.63%~8.00%NaCleqv;Ⅱ类富气相包裹体加热均一到气相,均一温度296~334℃,盐度1.22%~2.00%NaCleqv,属低盐度范围;Ⅲ类含子晶包裹体加热均一到液相,均一温度范围与Ⅱ类包裹体基本相同,分布范围为290~326℃,盐度很高,分布范围为31.87%~38.16%NaCleqv。Ⅱ类与视域内共存的Ⅲ型流体包裹体的均一温度相似,盐度相差很大,表明发生强烈的流体沸腾作用。流体的强烈沸腾作用是造成建德铜矿成矿物质沉淀富集的原因。氢氧同位素测试结果(δ~(18)O_(H_2O)值在8.1‰~10.6‰,δDH_2O变化范围从-78‰~-61‰)显示成矿流体主要为岩浆流体。硫化物硫同位素研究显示,δ~(34)S值的总体变化范围是0.78‰~4.77‰,并且总体分布在零值附近呈塔式分布,这也暗示着建德铜矿硫化物的硫主要来自于岩浆。流体包裹体及氢、氧、硫同位素研究,并结合地质特征,表明建德铜矿是与晚侏罗世燕山期花岗闪长斑岩有关的,受石炭系灰岩、白云岩和泥盆系砂岩之间"硅钙面"控制的岩浆热液矿床。     

Lunar surface mineralogy using hyperspectral data: Implications for primordial crust in the Earth–Moon system

Mineralogy of the Lunar surface provides important clues for understanding the composition and evolution of the primordial crust in the Earth–Moon system. The primary rock forming minerals on the Moon such as pyroxene, olivine and plagioclase are potential tools to evaluate the Lunar Magma Ocean (LMO) hypothesis. Here we use the data from Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M³) onboard the Chandrayaan-1 project of India, which provides Visible/Near Infra Red (NIR) spectral data (hyperspectral data) of the Lunar surface to gain insights on the surface mineralogy. Band shaping and spectral profiling methods are used for identifying minerals in five sites: the Moscoviense basin, Orientale basin, Apollo basin, Wegener crater-highland, and Hertzsprung basin. The common presence of plagioclase in these sites is in conformity with the anorthositic composition of the Lunar crust. Pyroxenes, olivine and Fe-Mg-spinel from the sample sites indicate the presence of gabbroic and basaltic components. The compositional difference in pyroxenes suggests magmatic differentiation on the Lunar surface. Olivine contains OH/H₂O band, indicating hydrous phase in the primordial magmas.     

Precious metal mineralisation in the Sotkavaara Intrusion,northern Finland: Peak Pt,Pd, Au and Cu offsets in a small intrusion with poorly-developed magmatic layering

The Sotkavaara Intrusion is a small (2.5 × 1.5 km surface expression) mafic-ultramafic intrusion located in northern Finland, 25 km east-southeast of Rovaniemi. The intrusion was drilled by the Geological Survey of Finland between 2009 and 2012, when low-S, low-grade precious metal mineralisation (<1.1 ppm Pt + Pd + Au) was discovered. Emplaced into the 1.98 Ga eastern Peräpohja Schist Belt, Sotkavaara occurs a few tens of kilometres north of the 2.44 Ga the Penikat, Portimo and Koillismaa intrusions, which together host Europe’s most significant platinum-group element (PGE) mineralisation. The intrusion comprises a volumetrically subordinate Gabbro Unit and volumetrically dominant Pyroxenite Unit, within which layering is poorly-developed. The Pyroxenite Unit is composed predominantly of clinopyroxenite and contains a small number of laterally discontinuous wehrlite, olivine clinopyroxenite and low-Cr clinopyroxenite (<0.1 wt% Cr₂O₃) layers. Precious metal mineralisation is hosted by low-Cr clinopyroxenite layers and shows systematic Pt, Pd, Au and Cu offsets similar to those in the Munni Munni, Rincón del Tigre, Skaergaard and Great Dyke intrusions. Relative to these global examples, the Sotkavaara Intrusion represents an atypical occurrence, exhibiting poorly-developed modal layering in a small mafic-ultramafic intrusion, alongside moderately heavy δ ³⁴S values (+1.3 to +9.6‰). Despite this, mineralisation can be broadly attributed to similar ore-forming processes, whereby in-situ fractional crystallisation is ultimately responsible for generating small volumes of sulphide melt. Although mineralisation is sub-economic, this occurrence indicates that northern Finland may be prospective for magmatic sulphide deposits in Svecofennian-age mafic-ultramafic intrusions. Globally, Sotkavaara highlights that well-developed modal layering and large magma chambers are not necessarily requirements for forming this type of mineralisation.     

新疆东准噶尔野马泉花岗岩体的年龄和地球化学特征

新疆东准噶尔野马泉花岗岩体是一个主要由花岗闪长岩、二长花岗岩和碱长花岗岩组成的复式花岗岩体。三种岩石的锆石U-Pb年龄在误差范围内有很好的一致性(～300Ma),指示野马泉岩体是在晚石炭世侵位的,也属于东准噶尔地区后碰撞阶段的岩浆作用产物。元素地球化学组成表明,花岗闪长岩、二长花岗岩和碱长花岗岩均属于准铝质,其主量元素和微量元素如CaO、Al2O3、Na2O、K2O、Rb、Sr与SiO2之间有明显的线性关系,三种岩石在不相容元素蛛网图和稀土元素配分模式上均表现出相似的特征,Eu负异常程度也随着SiO2含量的增加而提高。此外,野马泉岩体不同岩石有非常近似的Hf同位素组成,其εHf(t)值为+11.8～+12.7。因此,年龄结果和地球化学特征说明,野马泉复式花岗岩体很可能是由同源岩浆通过一定的岩浆演化形成的。     

Role of magma mixing in the petrogenesis of tephra erupted during the 1990–98 explosive activity of Nevado Sabancaya,southern Peru

The Nevado Sabancaya in southern Peru has exhibited a persistent eruptive activity over eight years following a violent eruption in May–June 1990. The explosive activity consisted of alternated vulcanian and phreatomagmatic events, followed by declining phreatic activity since late 1997. The mean production rate of magma has remained low (10⁶–10⁷ m³ per year).The 1990–1998 eruptive episode produced andesitic and dacitic magmas. The juvenile tephra span a narrow range of compositions (60–64 wt% SiO₂). While SiO₂ contents do vary slightly, they do not show any systematic variation with time. Phenocryst assemblages in the juvenile rocks consist of mainly plagioclase, associated with high-Ca pyroxene, hornblende, biotite, and iron-titanium oxides. Rare fine-grained magmatic enclaves, with angular to subrounded shapes, are contained within some of the juvenile lava blocks, which were expelled since 1992. They have a homogeneous andesitic composition (57 wt% SiO₂) and show randomly oriented interlocking columnar or acicular crystals (plagioclase and amphibole), with interstitial glass and a few voids, which define a quench-textured groundmass.Textural, mineralogical and chemical evidence suggests that the 1990–1998 eruptions have mainly erupted hybrid andesites, except for the 1990 dacite. The hybrid andesites contain a mixed population of plagioclase phenocrysts: Ca-rich clear plagioclase (An_40–60), Na-rich clear plagioclase (An_25–35), and inversely zoned dusty-rimmed plagioclase with a sodic core (An_25–40) surrounded by a Ca-rich mantle (An_45–65). Melt-inclusions, wavy dissolution surfaces and stepped zoning within the dusty-rimmed plagioclases are compatible with resorption induced by magma recharge events. Chemical and isotopic lines of evidence also show that andesites are hybrids resulting from magma mixing processes. Repeated magma recharge, incomplete homogenisation and different degrees of crustal assimilation may explain the extended range of isotopic signatures.Our study leads to propose an evolution model for the magmatic system at Nevado Sabancaya. The main magma body consisted of dacitic magmas differentiating through extensive open-system crystallization (AFC). Repeated recharge of more mafic magmas induced magma mixing, leading to the formation of hybrid andesites. A partially crystalline boundary layer formed at the interface between the andesites and the recharge magma. The magmatic enclaves were produced by the disruption and dispersion of this andesitic layer as a result of new magma injection and/or sustained tectonic activity.Periodic magma recharge and interactions with groundwater are two processes that have enabled the explosive regime to remain persistent over an 8-year-long period. What precise mechanism triggers the eruptive activity remains speculative, but it may be related either to new magma injection, or to the sustained tectonic activity that occurred at that time in the vicinity of the volcano, or a combination of both.     

Time-scales of hybridisation of magmatic enclaves in regular and chaotic flow fields: petrologic and volcanologic implications

This paper describes numerical models of advection/diffusion between enclaves and host magmas, applied with the aim of estimating time-scales during which enclaves can be homogenised. In particular, advection was simulated using a numerical system consisting of regular and chaotic regions. Results indicate that the homogenisation time of enclaves in chaotic regions is several orders of magnitude faster than in regular regions. For instance, an enclave with a diameter of 100 cm may be homogenised in the chaotic region in ∼ 380 years, assuming an advection velocity of 10 cm/year, whereas in the regular region it would require 6.5×10⁵ years for complete homogenisation. This implies that, in the same magmatic system, large differences in the degree of homogenisation may co-exist, generating magmatic masses with large spatial and temporal inhomogeneities. The results of this study may have significant petrological and volcanological implications. From a petrological point of view, mafic enclaves dispersed in felsic host rocks are regarded as portions of mafic magma which, trapped inside regular regions, survived the hybridisation process. Instead, host rocks are regarded as regions where efficient mixing dynamics generated hybrid magmas. The fact that a single magmatic mass may display large compositional differences at the same time undermines the assumption of most geochemical models, which assume the temporal and spatial homogeneity of the magma body. From the volcanological perspective, the presence of magmatic enclaves in volcanic rocks allows us to estimate the mixing times of magmas by analysing chemical diffusion patterns between host rocks and enclaves. Editorial responsibility: D. Dingwell