Origin and geodynamic evolution of Late Paleogene magmatic associations along the Periadriatic-Sava-Vardar magmatic belt

Abstract

Along the Periadriatic Lineament in the Alps and the Sava-Vardar Zone of the Dinarides and Hellenides, Paleogene magmatic associations form a continuous belt, about 1700 km long. The following magmatic associations occur: (1) Eocene granitoids; (2) Oligocene granitoids including tonalites; (3) Oligocene shoshonite and calc-alkaline volcanics with lamprophyres; (4) Egerian-Eggenburgian (Chattian) calc-alkaline volcanics and granitoids. All of these magmatic associations are constrained by radiometric ages, which indicate that the magmatic activity was mainly restricted to the time span between 55 and 29 Ma. These igneous rocks form, both at surface and in the subsurface, the distinct linear Periadriatic-Sava-Vardar magmatic belt, with three strikes that are controlled by the indentation of Apulia and Moesia and accompanying strike-slip faulting. The geology, seismicity, seismic tomography and magnetic anomalies within this belt suggest that it has been generated in the African-Eurasian suture zone. Based on published analytical data, the petrology, major and trace element contents and Sr, Nd and O isotopie composition of each magmatic association are briefly defined. These data show that Eocene and Oligocene magmatic associations of the Late Paleogene Periadriatic-Sava-Vardar magmatic belt originated along a consuming plate margin. Based on isotopie systems, two main rock groups can be distinguished: (1) ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr = 0.7036–0.7080 and δ¹⁸O = 5.9–7.2‰, indicating basaltic partial melts derived from a continental mantle-lithosphere, and (2) ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr = 0.7090–72131 and δ¹⁸O = 7.3–11.5‰, indicating crustal assimilation and melting. The mantle sources for the primary basalt melts are metasomatized garnet peridotites and/or spinel lherzolites and phlogopite lherzolites of upper mantle wedge origin. The geodynamic evolution of the plutonic and volcanic associations of the Periadriatic-Sava-Vardar magmatic belt was related to the Africa-Eurasia suture zone that was dominated by break-off of the subducted lithospheric slab of Mesozoic oceanic crust, at depths of 90–100 km. This is indicated by their contemporaneity along the 1700 km long belt. © 2002 Éditions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.     

与地幔柱有关的成矿作用及其主控因素

地幔柱是地球动力系统中重要的组成部分,不仅形成规模巨大的大火成岩省,也形成了众多具有重要经济价值的矿床类型。由地幔柱形成不同的岩浆系列显示了特有的成矿专属性,如镁铁-超镁铁质层状岩体与钒钛磁铁矿矿床和铜镍硫化物矿床,科马提岩与铜镍硫化物矿床,斜长岩与钒钛磁铁矿矿床,过碱性花岗岩系列与铌-钽-锆-稀土矿床,金伯利岩与金刚石矿等。在分析与地幔柱相关矿床的基础上,我们认为地幔柱结构、岩浆源区特征、结晶分异过程、硫化物饱和、地壳混染和岩浆侵位过程等是地幔柱成矿的关键控制因素。本文还对矿床成因研究中的存在问题以及几种潜在的地球化学找矿/评价指标(如橄榄石的Ni含量、单斜辉石和磁铁矿中的Cr含量,层状岩体的PGE 含量和Re-Os同位素联合示踪等)进行了评述。     

Neogene igneous intrusions in the northern South China Sea: Evidence from high-resolution three dimensional seismic data

Igneous intrusions emplaced within the prospective intervals of sedimentary basins can exert a significant impact on petroleum systems and hence are of considerable interest particularly when risking exploration plays. A number of discordant high amplitude seismic anomalies (DSAs) with a range of geometries are documented in high resolution 3D seismic data in the northern South China Sea. Their distribution and seismic characteristics are analysed and compared with similar seismic anomalies documented within sedimentary basins in the Atlantic margins and other locations. The DSAs occur mainly within Early Miocene strata and are interpreted as igneous intrusions that were emplaced close to the palaeo-seabed and are dated as early Middle Miocene using seismic-stratigraphic methods. A number of vents are also identified above the intrusions within early Middle Miocene strata. Several geometrical forms are observed, referred to here as saucer-shaped, lensoid-shaped, stacked and composite intrusions. The seismic expression of these is increasing complex towards the palaeo-seabed, with a tendency for the saucer-shaped sills to be the deepest intrusive forms. The igneous intrusions observed in this study only could be identified using 3D seismic data and they are important for the future evaluations of petroleum systems, basin evolution and tectonic analysis in the Pearl River Mouth Basin.     

Lower Cretaceous lacustrine successions,North Yellow Sea Basin,eastern China: Rift basin sequence stratigraphy and stacking patterns in response to magmatic activity

A series of Mesozoic rift basins formed in eastern China were associated with magmatic activity and subduction along the Eurasia, Izanagi and Pacific plate margins. The impact of magmatic activity on lacustrine sequence development was documented with well-log and 3-D seismic data from the Jupiter Depression in the North Yellow Sea Basin. We identified key surfaces, retrogradational and progradational parasequence sets, and defined the characteristics of systems tracts and the internal sequence components for the Lower Cretaceous (K₁SQ1). A 2-D SEDPAK numerical stratigraphic forward modeling was used to further constrain sequence development in the Jupiter Depression by considering different modeling parameters and the spatial-temporal characteristics of magmatic activity. Modeling results were compared and matched with the sequence architecture observed from seismic and well interpretations. Magmatic activity impacts on the development of the K₁SQ1 sequence in the North Yellow Sea Basin include topographic variation, lake level fluctuation, and sediment supply ratios. Results suggest that magmatic upwelling uplifted the northwestern area of the Jupiter Depression and formed its slope break during the late Jurassic or early Cretaceous. Along with uplifting, relative lake level dropped sharply and lake accommodation was reduced, but with increased sediment supply. Therefore, sediment accumulated along the slope break as a lowstand systems tract. Later on, as lake level continuously rose, transgressive and highstand systems tracts were developed. The proposed stacking pattern provides an analog, and a useful model, for lacustrine sequence development in response to magmatic activities in eastern China and other rift basins of similar tectonic setting.     

Heavy metals in surface sediments of Waiwhetu Stream,Lower Hutt,New Zealand

Abstract

Surface sediment samples (60 μm‐2 mm, and < 60 μm fractions) from the Waiwhetu Stream, Lower Hutt City, New Zealand, were leached with dilute HCl to remove the mobile heavy‐metal fraction. Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, Al, Fe, and Mn analyses of the leachates show that sediments of the upper reaches area of the stream are generally uncontaminated. In contrast, sediments in the lower reaches area are highly contaminated, despite clean‐up measures in the late 1970s. Lead and Zn are the most significantly enriched metals with concentrations over 1000 mg kg^?1 adjacent to some drains. In the polluted zone, metals originate from either upward remobilisation from underlying sediment (contaminated in the early 1960s and 70s) or more recent industrial spillages. Similar trends exhibited by Cd, Cu, Cr, Zn, Pb, and Al indicate that a proportion of the metal enrichment downstream probably results from a naturally higher clay content of sediments near the mouth of the stream. Fe and Mn show reverse trends to the other metals, indicating that a high proportion of these two metals occurs in substrate different to that of the other metals. The orange brick‐coloured sediments of the upper reaches of the stream indicate oxides upstream; the black sediments in the lower reaches indicate sulphides downstream.     

东疆天宇岩浆Cu-Ni矿床的铂族元素地球化学特征及其对岩浆演化、硫化物熔离的指示

新疆东部天宇镁铁-超镁铁杂岩体位于中天山地块的北部边缘,北侧为塔里木板块前缘活动带－沙泉子深大断裂。该杂岩体由辉长岩、辉石岩、橄辉岩、辉橄岩和橄榄岩组成,橄辉岩、辉橄岩和橄榄岩是主要的Cu、Ni矿赋矿岩相。同位素稀释法测得的铂族元素（PGE）结果显示天宇镁铁-超镁铁岩和铜镍矿石中∑PGE含量低（0.106～57.369ppb）,为原始地幔的0.01～1倍。随岩石基性程度的升高,铂族元素含量略有增高。不同矿化程度的矿石大致表现出随硫化物含量的增多,∑PGE含量增高的趋势。岩石和矿石标准化曲线均表现出正斜率,Pt都为负异常或无异常（TY602-29除外）。根据岩浆和硫化物中Ni和S含量计算,得出天宇铜镍硫化物矿床R值为348～3807,该R值范围可以形成铜镍矿床,但无法形成铂族元素矿床。Pd/Ir-Cu/Ni的投图显示原始岩浆主要为高Mg玄武岩。矿石中100％硫化物PGE含量远低于地幔5％部分熔融形成的岩浆（R＝1000时）中PGE含量,与高Mg玄武岩10％的熔融程度不符。通过模拟计算,天宇矿区存在同源但R值不同的两批岩浆。     

浙江次坞地区晋宁晚期双峰式岩浆杂岩带的地球化学特征：Rodinia超大陆裂解的岩石学记录

次坞地区晋宁晚期火山岩与侵入岩由基性岩（上墅组下段基性火山岩与次坞辉绿岩体）和酸性岩（上墅组上段酸性火山岩与道林山碱长花岗岩体）组成,它们在时空上紧密伴生,成因上密切相关,SiO₂ 含量集中分布在两个区间,缺乏SiO₂为57％~68％的中性及中酸性成分,构成一套双峰式岩浆杂岩组合。酸性岩在化学组成上富硅碱而贫钙镁,准铝-过铝质,富含Zr、Nb和稀土元素,FeO^*/MgO、Rb/Sr比值大,显示出A型花岗质岩石的成分特征;基性岩具有富铝、钠、钛和偏碱性的特征,形成于陆内至陆缘张裂环境。基性岩与酸性岩由不同的源区熔融形成,基性岩起源于亏损程度较低的地幔或来源于亏损地幔的岩浆受到陆壳物质的混染,酸性岩可能起源于地壳中既含有基性地壳组分和又含有酸性地壳组分的源区的部分熔融。双峰式岩浆杂岩的形成,是华南Rodinia超大陆裂解事件的岩石学记录,揭示了华南Rodinia超大陆裂解始于青白口纪。     

花岗岩研究的若干新进展与主要科学问题

花岗岩研究进入到新的时期,需要寻找新的研究思路和研究方法。本文总结了近十年来国际上有关花岗岩前沿研究的新进展,归纳总结了七个方面的主要研究内容,包括:1)地球早期花岗岩与大陆演化;2)源区的不均一性与不平衡熔融;3)岩浆成分变化的同位素示踪;4)壳-幔岩浆混合与花岗岩的形成;5)地壳热带与中酸性岩的形成;6)花岗岩岩体的生长和结晶时间;7)金属稳定同位素在花岗岩研究中的应用。最后在此基础上对花岗岩的研究趋势,建议利用新视角、新方法等着重开展花岗岩源区和岩浆深部过程的精细研究,并揭示花岗岩与早期地壳形成之间的联系。     

The Munali Ni sulfide deposit,southern Zambia: A multi-stage,mafic-ultramafic,magmatic sulfide-magnetite-apatite-carbonate megabreccia

The Munali Intrusive Complex (MIC) is a flattened tube-shaped, mafic-ultramafic intrusion located close to the southern Congo Craton margin in the Zambezi belt of southern Zambia. It is made up of a Central Gabbro Unit (CGU) core, surrounded by a Marginal Ultramafic-mafic Breccia Unit (MUBU), which contains magmatic Ni sulfide mineralisation. The MIC was emplaced into a sequence of metamorphosed Neoproterozoic rift sediments and is entirely hosted within a unit of marble. Munali has many of the characteristics of craton-margin, conduit-style, dyke-sill complex-hosted magmatic sulfide deposits. Three-dimensional modelling of the MUBU on the southern side of the MIC, where the Munali Nickel Mine is located, reveals a laterally discontinuous body located at the boundary between footwall CGU and hangingwall metasediments. Mapping of underground faces demonstrates the MUBU to have intruded after the CGU and be a highly complex, multi stage megabreccia made up of atypical ultramafic rocks (olivinites, olivine-magnetite rocks, and phoscorites), poikilitic gabbro and olivine basalt/dolerite dykes, brecciated on a millimetre to metre scale by magmatic sulfide. The breccia matrix is largely made up of a sulfide assemblage of pyrrhotite-pentlandite-chalcopyrite-pyrite with varying amounts of magnetite, apatite and carbonate. The sulfides become more massive towards the footwall contact. Late stage, high temperature sulfide-carbonate-magnetite veins cut the rest of the MUBU. The strong carbonate signature is likely due, in part, to contamination from the surrounding marbles, but may also be linked to a carbonatite melt related to the phoscorites. Ductile deformation and shear fabrics are displayed by talc-carbonate altered ultramafic clasts that may represent gas streaming textures by CO₂-rich fluids. High precision U-Pb geochronology on zircons give ages of 862.39 ± 0.84 Ma for the poikilitic gabbro and 857.9 ± 1.9 Ma for the ultramafics, highlighting the multi-stage emplacement but placing both mafic and later ultramafic magma emplacement within the Neoproterozoic rifting of the Zambezi Ocean, most likely as sills or sheet-like bodies. Sulfide mineralisation is associated with brecciation of the ultramafics and so is constrained to a maximum age of 858 Ma. The Ni- and Fe-rich nature of the sulfides reflect either early stage sulfide saturation by contamination, or the presence of a fractionated sulfide body with Cu-rich sulfide elsewhere in the system. Munali is an example of a complex conduit-style Ni sulfide deposit affected by multiple stages and sources of magmatism during rifting at a craton margin, subsequent deformation; and where mafic and carbonatitic melts have interacted along deep seated crustal fault systems to produce a mineralogically unusual deposit.     

The geology,geochemistry and Ni-Cu-PGE potential of mafic-ultramafic bodies associated with the Dido Batholith,North Queensland,Australia

Four elongate, km-scale, mafic to ultramafic bodies (UMB) were identified within the Ordovician-Silurian Dido Batholith, north Queensland, and were assessed for Ni-Cu-PGE fertility. The UMB comprise layered cumulate sequences and represent open-system intrusions emplaced at mid-crustal levels. The UMB are divided into two petrographically and geochemically distinct types: (1) low-Fe UMB (3 intrusions), comprising dunites, wehrlites, troctolites and olivine gabbro which contain variable amounts of olivine (Fo_85–72), clinopyroxene (Mg# 0.87–0.73), plagioclase (An_92–72) and chromites; and (2) high-Fe UMB (1 intrusion), comprising dunites, wehrlites and pyroxenites which lack chromites, contain abundant early crystallising Fe-Ti oxides and hornblende, and less primitive olivines (Fo_78–72) and pyroxenes (Mg# 0.87–0.73). The calculated parent magmas of the low-Fe UMB contained 8–10 wt% of both MgO and FeO_t, whereas the high-Fe UMB parent magmas were more evolved, having higher FeO_t (12–16 wt%) and lower MgO (6.2–8.2 wt%), Ni and Cr concentrations. The parent magmas of the Dido UMB are interpreted as mantle-derived arc rift or backarc tholeiites, and mineral compositions suggest the UMB are similar to arc-cumulate, Klamath-type intrusions. Crustal contamination during ascent is suggested to be responsible for the LREE-enriched and Nb- and Ti-depleted nature of the UMB parent magmas. A two-component Sr-Nd isotope mixing model suggests that the addition of variable amounts (<5% in the low-Fe UMB and 9–10% in the high-Fe UMB) of 2000–2500 Ma igneous crustal contaminant to tholeiitic melts derived from a slightly enriched mantle source can account for isotopic compositions of the UMB. Although the mantle-derived, crustally contaminated nature of the parent magmas are positive factors for magmatic sulphide mineralisation, economic mineralisation has not been found associated with the UMB. Geochemical discriminators, such as Cu/Pd and Ni-depletion, suggest that the magmas that formed the km-scale UMB were chalcophile element-depleted, having undergone a previous S-saturation event (i.e., significant sulphide-deposition) at depth. The slight PGE-enrichment in the high-Fe cumulates (up to 160 ppb of both Pt and Pd) is suggested to be due to the addition of small amounts of PGE to the high-Fe magmas from an external source. There is no evidence to suggest that large volumes of PGE-enriched sulphides were added to the UMB magmas. These findings, in addition to the knowledge that most large deposits are associated with intracontinental settings rather than convergent settings, determined that the investigated Dido UMB are low-priority Ni-Cu-PGE targets. However, the likelihood that the Dido UMB were emplaced in local extensional regimes within subduction-related environments, i.e., a similar geodynamic setting to economic deposits such as Aguablanca (Spain), requires that other UMB in the Dido area are assessed on an individual basis.