Shallow plumbing systems for small-volume basaltic volcanoes

Eruptive dynamics in basaltic volcanoes are controlled, in part, by the conduit geometry. However, uncertainties in conduit shape and dike-to-conduit transition geometry have limited our predictive capability for hazards assessments. We characterize the subvolcanic geometry of small-volume basaltic volcanoes (magmatic volatile-driven eruptions, 0.1 to 0.5 km³) based on a synthesis of field studies of five basaltic volcanoes exposed to varying degrees by erosion and exhibiting feeder dikes, conduits, and vent areas ≤250 m depth. Study areas include East Grants Ridge (New Mexico, USA), Basalt Ridge, East Basalt Ridge, Paiute Ridge, and Southeast Crater Flat (Nevada, USA). Basaltic feeder dikes 250 to 100 m deep have typical widths of 4–12 m, with smooth host-rock contacts (rhyolite tuff). At depths less than 100 m, heterogeneities in the host rock form preferential pathways for small dike splays and sills, resulting in a 30-m effective width at 50 m depth. The development of a complex conduit at depths less than 70 m is reflected in bifurcating dikes and brecciation and incorporation of the country rock. The overall zone of effect at depths less than 50 m is ≤110 m wide (220 m elongated along the feeder dike). Based on comparisons with theoretical conduit flow models, the width of the feeder dike at depths from 250 to 500 m is expected to range from 1 to 10 m and is expected to decrease to about 1–2 m at depths greater than 500 m. The flaring shape of the observed feeder systems is similar to results of theoretical modeling using lithostatic pressure-balanced flow conditions. Sizes of observed conduits differ from modeled dimensions by up to a factor of 10 in the shallow subsurface (<50 m depth), but at depths greater than 100 m the difference is a factor of 2 to 4. This difference is primarily due to the fact that observed eroded conduits record the superimposed effects of multiple eruptive events, while theoretical model results define dimensions necessary for a single, steady eruption phase. The complex details of magma-host rock interactions observed at the study areas (contact welding, brecciation, bifurcating dikes and sills, and stoping) represent the mechanisms by which the lithostatic pressure-balanced geometry is attained. The similarity in the normalized shapes of theoretical and observed conduits demonstrates the appropriateness of the pressure-balanced modeling approach, consistent with the conclusions of Wilson and Head (J Geophys Res 86:2971–3001, 1981) for this type of volcano.     

The petrology and geochemistry of intrusive alkaline rocks of Elchuru,Prakasam District,Andhra Pradesh,India

The Elchuru alkaline igneous intrusion is an arcuate-shaped ring complex, approximately 16 km² in area, cropping out in the Eastern Ghats high grade metamorphic series. It is part of an alkaline province composed of a number of intrusions which range from ijolite-melteigite to alkali gabbro (viz. malignite, melalusitanite, shonkinite) and then to hypersolvus nepheline syenite followed by subsolvus nepheline syenite. The complex is cut by late lamprophyric dykes. A nephelinized alkaline gneiss, within the investigated complex, is the only deformed rock type and is regarded as an older unit not related to the comagmatic series. The remainder of the complex was emplaced post-tectonically. Sovitic carbonatite is a conspicuous Iithologic unit associated with the complex. Chemical analyses of 19 selected samples for 13 major oxides and 5 trace elements (Rb, Ba, Sr, Zr and Nb) are presented to establish a geochemical model for the investigated complex. The mineralogy, petrography and geochemistry of the rocks of the Elchuru Alkaline Complex suggest that it was formed by differentiation of an initially alkali-rich ijolitic magma as reflected in the crystallization of nepheline, kaersutitic amphibole and alkali feldspar. With progressive increase in alkali feldspar content (volume percentage) the ijolite passes to malignite and then nepheline syenites. Amphibole shows sodic enrichment from a dominant calcic variety. Pyroxene, likewise, shows sodic enrichment following the scheme salite-ferrosalite to aegirine-augite. The igneous cycle closes with the intrusion of biotite lamprophyre. There is a systematic increase in total alkalies (Na₂O+K₂O) and decrease in CaO from the early mafic rocks to the syenitic rocks. The alkali-lime index of the complex is 48 indicating its strongly alkaline nature (Peacock 1931), and they are miaskitic in character (agpaicity index <1, Currie 1976). Such miaskitic complexes are associated with carbonatites (Heinrich 1966).     

大别山北麓的奥陶纪岩浆弧：侵入岩年代学和地球化学证据

采用颗粒级锆石U-Pb和角闪石的~(40)Ar-~(39)Ar定年方法,测得大别山北坡马畈闪长质杂岩体中石英闪长岩的结晶锆石年龄分别为(463.5±3.4)和(458.6±6.7)Ma,角闪石~(40)Ar-~(39)Ar坪年龄为(462.7±1.4)Ma。从镁铁质包体到闪长岩和花岗岩类,ε_(Nd)(t)介于4.3～1.8之间,且随着Mg~#值的减小和SiO_2及Nb含量增高,岩石的ε_(Nd)(t)值降低,结合低Nb/Zr比值和中等-高的Ba/Th比值等特点,认为有关岩石的形成与幔源岩浆受板片流体影响并发生地壳AFC(同化混染与分离结晶同时出现)作用有关,但它们亏损Nb等高场强元素的特征,并不是地壳物质影响所致,而反映了地幔岩浆源区的特点,表明岩浆形成于与俯冲有关的环境。这一研究进一步证明,在大别山北麓的北淮阳地区,曾经发育了奥陶纪岩浆弧,向西与北秦岭岩浆弧相接。从大别山北麓的马畈杂岩体到昆仑山的布青山英云闪长岩体,中央造山带内与俯冲有关的侵入岩侵位年龄有向西变新的趋势,可能意味着原特提斯秦岭洋在向华北地块南缘活动大陆边缘俯冲过程中,是从东向西逐渐关闭的。     

镇沅老王寨构造蚀变岩型金矿矿床成因

矿体产出受深大断裂派生的剪切断裂及脆—韧性剪切带控制明显,矿床形成具多期、多阶段和多源特征。通过对成矿流体和成矿机理的研究,笔者认为该矿床是较典型的构造蚀变岩型金矿床。     

新疆东天山黄山东岩体橄榄石成因意义探讨

黄山东岩体位于新疆东天山造山带中段,由四次岩浆侵入形成:第一次侵入形成了岩体上部的橄榄辉长岩、角闪辉长岩和闪长岩,构成岩体的主体;第二次侵入形成辉长苏长岩,呈岩墙状分布于岩体西端和西北部;第三次侵入岩石为斜长二辉橄榄岩,位于岩体下部,为主要的赋矿岩石;第四次侵入岩石为底部角闪辉长岩。橄榄石为第三次侵入的斜长二辉橄榄岩和第一次侵入的橄榄辉长岩主要造岩矿物之一,橄榄石的镁橄榄石牌号(Fo)值介于68.5～82.5之间。其中含硫化物斜长二辉橄榄岩中的橄榄石具有较高的Fo值(79.7～82.5);斜长二辉橄榄岩中橄榄石的Fo值为78.3～79.9;而基性程度较低的橄榄辉长岩中橄榄石具有较低的Fo值(68.5～72.2)。利用橄榄石矿物成分计算得出黄山东岩体母岩浆Mg#(Mg2+/(Mg2++Fe2+))为0.59,为原生玄武质岩浆经历结晶分异作用形成。模拟计算结果显示黄山东岩体不含矿岩石中橄榄石是母岩浆经过2%的橄榄石结晶分异且硫达到饱和后,在硫化物熔离的同时岩浆发生橄榄石结晶而形成,并且橄榄石︰硫化物≈50︰1,部分橄榄石成分投点在橄榄石结晶和硫化物熔离的模拟曲线右下侧,指示它们可能受到晶间硅酸盐熔浆作用的影响。含硫化物斜长二辉橄榄岩中Fo值与Ni含量呈负相关关系,说明橄榄石与硫化物熔体之间发生了Fe-Ni交换反应。     

论桐庐中生代火山岩岩浆演化

桐庐中生代火山侵入活动为同源多期喷发-侵出-侵入。矿物中岩浆包裹体温压地球化学研究表明,由下地壳部分熔融产生的钙碱性岩浆,在火山岩浆房内已经发生明显分异。火山岩浆房的深度约为10—11km(上限值)。火山岩浆中含水4—6％(重量％)。在火山活动演化史中,岩浆房上部的酸性分异岩浆,fo_2相对较高,P总(H_2O)较低,先行喷出地表形成流纹质、英安流纹质灰流凝灰岩。层位稍下的中酸性岩浆稍后挤出地表或挤入近地表浅部,形成侵出相碎斑英安岩。岩浆房下部的中性分异岩浆,fo_2最低(10~(-13·29)Pa),P总(H_2O)最高(300—320MPa),最后上侵,形成石英二长岩-石英二长闪长岩等浅成侵入体。     

岩浆熔体包裹体研究进展

近现代对于熔体包裹体的研究已经有50余年,但它们在反映岩浆系统特征方面的价值是直至最近10~15年间才逐渐被火山学家、岩石学家和包裹体学者所意识到。熔体包裹体的研究结果之所以难以被接受主要有以下几个因素:1)缺乏可靠的分析技术;2)熔体包裹体捕获后会发生一系列的变化;3)包裹体中熔体存在不均匀的现象;4)较高的均一温度,很难测定。但随着分析方法的改进和熔体包裹体的系统研究,学者们逐渐确定了熔体包裹体在解开岩浆系统复杂性方面的实用性,可以这么说"熔体包裹体的研究正值当年"。例如:现代的研究提供了岩浆中溶解和出溶的挥发分含量的不可否认的证据,并且从熔体包裹体中得到的气相、盐类卤水和岩浆不混溶信息证明岩浆的相分离远比从结晶相图中推论得到的要复杂得多;包裹体岩相学已详细地描绘了熔体包裹体捕获之后经历的特定变化——结晶,挥发分的扩散,气相出溶,以及泄露等。因此,如果有细致的包裹体岩相学的观察以及精确的测试分析,那么,从熔体包裹体中得到的成分数据是有用且可靠的。     

新疆北山地区中坡山北镁铁质岩体岩石地球化学与岩石成因

中坡山北镁铁质岩体位于新疆北山裂谷带的中带,岩体形态为相互联通的岩盆状,出露面积约180km~2。由角闪辉长岩、橄榄辉石岩、橄榄辉长岩、苏长辉长岩和斜长岩组成,岩相带呈同心环状展布,相互间呈渐变过渡关系。锆石U-Pb法同位素年龄为274+4Ma。岩相学、岩石化学、造岩矿物晶体化学和稀土元素地球化学特征均显示了非常发育的分离结晶作用。橄榄辉石岩和橄榄辉长岩主要由早期结晶相聚集而成,橄榄石是最初的液相线相,单斜辉石是数量最多的分离结晶相。斜长岩由残余岩浆结晶而成。母岩浆应该是高镁的拉斑玄武岩浆。Nd、Sr、Pb同位素组成和岩石地球化学特征充分证明了岩浆与围岩之间的物质交换。同化混染作用明显地改变了侵入岩的同位素组成和大离子亲石元素丰度。除斜长岩外,各种岩石的TiO_2、Na：O、K_2O、大离子亲石元素和稀土元素丰度均很低,受同化混染作用影响较小的样品的ε_Nd(t)=+6．80,这些特征证明其岩浆源区属亏损型地幔。FeO~*和SiO_2含量证明,熔融作用开始时,源岩为二辉橄榄岩；当熔融作用持续到一定程度时,源岩物质转化为方辉橄榄岩。稀土元素地球化学证明,熔融作用发生于尖晶石稳定域内。综合各方面要素可以证明,中坡山北岩体是塔里木板块二叠纪期间第四种类型地幔源区部分熔融的产物。     

天山加里东晚期构造运动及其地质意义

在南天山中段,上志留统阿尔皮什麦布拉克组经历了两期变质变形作用。下泥益统彩华沟组的变质变形特点及变质期与阿尔皮什麦布拉克组的蜕变质作用时期完全一致。这两套地层的走向有30°～40°的交角,其间有出露长达14Km的底砾岩和古风化壳,构成了代表加里东晚期构造运动的不整合面。     

云开地区燕山期岩浆活动与金银矿化关系

通过对广西云开地区岩浆活动与金银矿化关系的研究表明,金银矿主要是燕山期岩浆作用形成的;矿化岩体与金银矿化在空间位置上存在“东向性”和“定距性”规律;岩浆岩岩石化学成分、岩浆分异程度、成因类型的不同,导致了金银成矿的显著差异;燕山期岩浆活动对金银成矿,既提供了成矿热液,也提供了主要的物质来源。