湖南瑶岗仙复式花岗岩岩石成因及与钨成矿关系

瑶岗仙复式花岗岩体位于南岭复杂构造带北端,赋存着大型瑶岗仙钨矿床。瑶岗仙花岗岩高硅、富碱,属于高钾钙碱性系列,为分异的S型花岗岩。系统的单颗粒锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb同位素年龄测定表明,瑶岗仙复式花岗岩体有多期成岩事件,分别为:170Ma形成的粗粒二云母花岗岩,162Ma形成的中细粒二云母花岗岩,157Ma形成的细粒白云母花岗岩,表明花岗质岩浆经历了多期脉动侵位。元素地球化学及Sr-Nd同位素特征表明,瑶岗仙花岗岩成岩物质来源于古元古代的泥质岩。瑶岗仙花岗岩成岩年龄为170~157Ma,处于燕山期陆内伸展-减薄的构造环境。瑶岗仙花岗岩的成岩事件与钨矿床成矿事件在时空上高度吻合,花岗岩岩浆经历了高度分离结晶并产生富挥发分的流体,表明花岗岩可能为岩浆期后热液阶段成矿作用提供了原始流体和物质来源。     

油气成藏动力学及其研究进展

成藏动力学是综合利用地质、地球物理、地球化学手段和计算机模拟技术 ,在盆地演化历史中和输导格架下 ,通过能量场演化及其控制的化学动力学、流体动力学和运动学过程分析 ,研究沉积盆地油气形成、演化和运移过程和聚集规律的综合性学科。成藏动力学研究的基础是盆地演化历史和流体输导格架 ,研究的核心是能量场 (包括温度场、压力场、应力场 )演化及其控制的化学动力学和流体动力学过程。 2 0世纪 90年代以来 ,成藏动力学研究的进展表现在 :( 1)流体输导系统预测能力的提高 ;( 2 )能量场演化机制及其控制的化学动力学过程和流体流动样式研究的深入 ;( 3)油气成藏机理研究的深化 ;( 4 )计算机模拟技术的改进。在进一步认识与油气成藏密切相关的化学动力学和流体动力学过程和机理的基础上 ,实现盆地温度场、压力场、应力场的耦合和流体流动、能量传递和物质搬运的三维模拟 ,是成藏动力学的重要发展方向。     

A stability analysis of a conduit flow model for lava dome eruptions

Periodic variations in magma discharge rate and ground deformation have been commonly observed during lava dome eruptions. We performed a stability analysis of a conduit flow model by Barmin et al. [Barmin, A., Melnik, O., Sparks, R.S.J., 2002. Periodic behavior in lava dome eruptions. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 199 (1-2), 173–184], in which the periodic variations in magma flow rate and chamber pressure are reproduced as a result of the temporal and spatial changes of the magma viscosity controlled by the kinetics of crystallization. The model is reduced to a dynamical system where the time derivatives of the magma flow rate (dQ/dt) and the chamber pressure (dP/dt) are functions of Q and P evaluated at a shifted time t − t_?. Here, the time delay t_? represents the time for the viscosity of fluid particle to increase in a conduit. The dynamical system with time delay is approximated by a simple two-dimensional dynamical system of Q and P where t_? is given as a parameter. The results of our linear stability analyses for these dynamical systems indicate that the transition from steady to periodic flow depends on nonlinearities in the steady state relation between Q and P. The steady state relation shows a sigmoidal curve in Q − P phase plane; its slope has negative values at intermediate flow rates. The steady state solutions become unstable, and hence P and Q oscillate periodically, when the negative slope of the steady state relation ([dP/dQ]_S) exceeds a critical value; that is [dP/dQ]_S < − t_?γ/(2V_ch), where V_ch is the chamber volume and γ is an elastic constant which is related to the rigidity of chamber wall. We also found that the period and the pattern of oscillation of the conduit flow primarily depend on a quantity defined by LV_ch/r⁴, where L is the conduit length and r is the conduit radius.     

长白山火山喷发物的堆积类型及火山活动机理

本文对长白山火山地质发展过程中的两大喷发期和七个喷发阶段作了系统阐述,详细划分、描述了喷发物堆积类型及特征,论述了火山活动机理及演化历程。首次指出长白山火山基浪堆积,对新发现的侵入相和次火山岩相岩百与喷出相岩石做了对比,指出同源于一个碱性岩浆房。     

水箱-管道系统溶质运移实验研究及其岩溶水文地质意义

为了研究岩溶管道中溶潭对溶质运移的影响,在实验室内构建水箱-管道系统,在不同管道结构和水流条件下进行定量示踪实验并得到相应的穿透曲线(BTCs);采用Qtracer2软件分析溶质运移参数,采用滞后系数R分析实验结果与一维经典对流弥散方程解析解之间的差别。实验结果显示:随着水箱数量的增加,示踪剂(NaCl)峰值质量浓度逐渐降低,弥散系数和弥散度逐渐增加,穿透曲线拖尾逐渐增长,表明水箱的瞬态存储使溶质运移滞后;与不对称水箱相比,对称水箱BTC拖尾较长;峰现时间随着不对称水箱数量的增多明显滞后;出口流量增加时,弥散度减小,BTC拖尾变短。一维经典对流弥散方程解析解仅对单管道最大流量条件下的BTC拟合较好,对流量较小的单管道和水箱-管道系统的BTC拟合较差,需研究适用的模型解释其拖尾现象。     

天山加里东晚期构造运动及其地质意义

在南天山中段,上志留统阿尔皮什麦布拉克组经历了两期变质变形作用。下泥益统彩华沟组的变质变形特点及变质期与阿尔皮什麦布拉克组的蜕变质作用时期完全一致。这两套地层的走向有30°～40°的交角,其间有出露长达14Km的底砾岩和古风化壳,构成了代表加里东晚期构造运动的不整合面。     

Gravity and magnetic investigation on the distribution of volcanic rocks in the Qinggelidi area,north‐eastern Junggar Basin (north‐west China)

A detailed investigation on the location of magmatic intrusions in the Carboniferous strata of the Qinggelidi area, north‐eastern Junggar Basin, is presented based on the interpretation of gravity and magnetic data constrained by petrophysical data, seismics and surface geology. The wavelet multi‐resolution analysis based on the discrete wavelet transform is adopted to the regional‐residual separation of gravity and magnetic anomalies. A power spectrum analysis is applied to estimate the source depths corresponding to different scales. A comparative analysis on the characteristics of local gravity and magnetic anomalies improved our understanding of volcanic rock distribution in the Carboniferous strata. Generally speaking, in total 75 anomalies are recognized, among which 23 are inferred to be the responses of basalts, diabases and andesites with high density and strong magnetization. Twelve anomalies are assumed to be caused by andesites, rhyolites and volcanic breccias with medium‐low density and high magnetization. There are still five anomalies that are believed to be generated by volcanic tuffs with low density and weak magnetization. Lastly, four cross‐sections in 3D gravity and magnetic modelling are displayed to provide a more thorough image of volcanic rocks in our study area.     

Seismic image of the Mount Spurr magmatic system

 The three-dimensional P-wave velocity structure of Mount Spurr is determined to depths of 10 km by tomographic inversion of 3,754 first-arriving P-wave times from local earthquakes recorded by a permanent network of 11 seismographs. Results show a prominent low-velocity zone extending from the surface to 3–4 km below sea level beneath the southeastern flank of Crater Peak, spatially coincident with a geothermal system. P-wave velocities in this low-velocity zone are approximately 20% slower than those in the shallow crystalline basement rocks. Beneath Crater Peak an approximately 3-km-wide zone of relative low velocities correlates with a near-vertical band of seismicity, suggestive of a magmatic conduit. No large low-velocity zone indicative of a magma chamber occurs within the upper 10 km of the crust. These observations are consistent with petrologic and geochemical studies suggesting that Crater Peak magmas originate in the lower crust or upper mantle and have a short residence time in the shallow crust. Earthquakes relocated using the three-dimensional velocity structure correlate well with surface geology and other geophysical observations; thus, they provide additional constraints on the kinematics of the Mount Spurr magmatic system. Received: 4 December 1997 / Accepted: 27 February 1998     

The Ediacaran Rio Doce magmatic arc revisited (Araçuaí-Ribeira orogenic system,SE Brazil)

Described half a century ago, the Galiléia tonalite represents a milestone in the discovery of plate margin magmatic arcs in the Araçuaí-Ribeira orogenic system (southeastern Brazil). In the 1990's, analytical studies on the Galiléia tonalite finally revealed the existence of a Late Neoproterozoic calc-alkaline magmatic arc in the Araçuaí orogen. Meanwhile, the name Rio Doce magmatic arc was applied to calc-alkaline plutons found in the Araçuaí-Ribeira boundary. After those pioneer studies, the calc-alkaline plutons showing a pre-collisional volcanic arc signature and age between 630 Ma and 585 Ma have been grouped in the G1 supersuite, corresponding to the Rio Doce arc infrastructure. Here, we revisit the Rio Doce arc with our solid field knowledge of the region and a robust analytical database (277 lithochemical analyses, and 47 U–Pb, 53 Sm–Nd, 25 ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and 7 Lu–Hf datasets). The G1 supersuite consists of regionally deformed, tonalitic to granodioritic batholiths and stocks, generally rich in melanocratic to mesocratic enclaves and minor gabbroic to dioritic plutons. Gabbroic to dioritic enclaves show evidence of magma mixing processes. The lithochemical and isotopic signatures clearly reveal a volcanic arc formed on a continental margin setting. Melts from a Rhyacian basement form the bulk of the magma produced, whilst gabbroic plutons and enclaves record involvement of mantle magmas in the arc development. Tonalitic stocks (U–Pb age: 618–575 Ma, εNd_(t): −5.7 to −7.8, Nd T_DM ages: 1.28–1.68 Ga, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr_(t): 0.7059–0.7118, and εHf_(t): −5.2 to −11.7) form the northernmost segment of the Rio Doce arc, which dies out in the ensialic sector of the Araçuaí orogen. At arc eastern and central zones, several batholiths (e.g., Alto Capim, Baixo Guandu, Galiléia, Muniz Freire, São Vítor) record a long-lasting magmatic history (632–580 Ma; εNd_(t): −5.6 to −13.3; Nd T_DM age: 1.35–1.80 Ga; ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr_(t): 0.7091–0.7123). At arc western border, the magmatic evolution started with gabbro-dioritic and tonalitic plutons (e.g., Chaves pluton, U–Pb age: 599 ± 15 Ma, εNd_(t): −4.8 to −6.8, Nd T_DM ages: 1.48–1.68 Ga, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr_(t): 0.7062–0.7068, and εHf_(t): −4.3 to −9.7; and Brasilândia pluton, U–Pb age: 581 ± 11 Ma, εNd_(t): −8.2 to −10.2, Nd T_DM ages: 1.63–1.68 Ga, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr_(t): 0.7088–0.7112, εHf_(t): −12.3 to −14.9), followed by late granodioritic intrusions (e.g., Guarataia pluton, U–Pb age: 576 ± 9 Ma, εNd_(t): −12.52 to −13.11, Nd T_DM age: 1.74–2.06 Ga, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr_(t): 0.7104–0.7110, εHf_(t): −12.9 to −21.6). The Muriaé batholith (U–Pb age: 620–592 Ma, εNd_(t): −8.2 to −13.6, Nd T_DM age: 1.41–1.88 Ga) and the Conceição da Boa Vista (586 ± 7 Ma) and Serra do Valentim (605 ± 8 Ma) stocks represent a segment of the Rio Doce arc correlated to the Serra da Bolívia and Marceleza complexes, making the link between the Araçuaí and Ribeira orogenic domains. We suggest three phases of arc development: i) eastward migration of arc front (632–605 Ma), ii) widespread magma production in the whole arc (605–585 Ma), and iii) late plutonism in the western arc region (585–575 Ma). Usual processes of volcanic arc development, like subduction of oceanic lithosphere under a continental margin, followed by asthenosphere ascent related to slab retreating and break-off may explain the Rio Doce arc evolution.     

DDE-岩浆岩数据库初步构建与应用

21世纪是大数据的时代, 数据、模型驱动下的科学研究新范式与知识发现成为当今科学领域的新态势。本文介绍了在"深时数字地球"(Deep-time Digital Earth, DDE)国际大科学计划框架下构建的DDE-岩浆岩数据库。该数据库以"数据+编图+研究"三位一体的建库思路, 基于岩浆岩知识体系, 构建了岩浆岩数据库, 包括后台服务(云端)、网站(Web端)和科研工作平台(桌面端)。数据主要来源于公开发表的文献、研究团队测试、实验室测试数据等, 涉及全球重要造山带、克拉通及部分海洋(大洋钻探数据)等。此外, 还设立了22个地域性、学科性专题数据库。数据类型为岩浆岩岩石类型、产状、空间位置等基本信息, 以及年代学、地球化学、(Sr-Nd-Hf-Pb-O)同位素及非传统(或新兴)同位素数据。与国际最常用的有关数据库相比, 本数据库具有以下优势: (1)"数-图-文"三位一体的设计思路, 拥有编图和研究平台; (2)以研究为导向, 组织构建了22个专题数据库, 更多一线专家参与数据库建设, 在某些地域和领域(如中亚、非传统同位素等)形成优势; (3)对数据都尽可能挖掘和补充了年龄、经纬度等时空信息; (4)创建了学科专家可以依据新的发展和需求及时调整数据库结构的技术与功能, 而不需要重新编程; (5)有强大的DDE平台支持, 为与国际有关数据库互联互通提供了有利条件。最后, 利用DDE-岩浆岩数据库的核心数据(年代学、同位素等), 对复杂大陆拼合过程、地壳生长、地球深部物质组成架构与演化等重大地球科学问题进行了探索并取得了一些进展, 说明该数据库将对推动数据驱动的岩浆岩研究具有重要意义。