长江三峡大宁河流域3000年来的环境演变与人类活动

长江三峡大宁河流域张家湾东周-汉代古遗址的孢粉学和沉积学等分析结果表明3000年来该区环境演变与人类活动的互动影响，连续的孢粉和粒度记录证实，该区古人类活动初期处于暖湿的气候，东周-汉代时期转变为温凉略干的温带气候，东周-汉代后，该区经历了一次规模较大的大宁河洪水泛滥期，导致汉代文化层中断。此后不久，由于人类活动剧烈，自然植被严重破坏，水土流失比较严重，山洪灾害频繁，导致汉代之后该区没有连续的文化层堆积，而由于人类活动剧烈，自然植被严重破坏，水土流失比较严重，山洪灾害频繁，导致汉代之后该区没有连续的文化层堆积，而由于短暂洪水暴发引起大面积坡面片流，导致坡积物的大量堆积，汉代之后该区频繁的兴涝灾害和山洪灾害体现了人地关系的复杂性。     

呼伦贝尔草原沙漠化现状、发展态势与成因分析

呼伦贝尔草原是我国优质的天然牧场和重要的畜牧业生产基地。近年来,该草原中的砂质草场已大面积发生沙漠化。通过实地调查研究,并结合遥感资料和前人研究成果,本文在分析了呼伦贝尔草原沙漠化现状和发展态势的基础上,着重从地质环境变化和人类活动两个方面探讨了该区沙漠化的成因。认为沙漠化的发展是自然因素与人为因素共同作用的结果,地质环境因素是形成沙漠化的基础,地表的土壤和植被是草原良好的保护层,人类对草原的破坏是导致沙漠化的直接原因。最后,对沙漠化的防治提出了3点建议。     

掺杂锡的纳米二氧化钛的合成、表征及光催化性能

以Ti(OC4H9)4和SnCl4.5H2O为原料,乙醇为溶剂,离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基四氟硼酸咪唑盐([Bmim][BF4])为表面活性剂,12%的氨水为沉淀剂,采用共沉淀法合成了不同形态的掺杂锡的二氧化钛。利用X-射线粉末衍射仪(XRD)、场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)、同步热分析仪(TG-DSC)、紫外—可见吸收光谱仪(UV-Vis)、比表面积孔隙度分析仪(BET)和能量色散X射线光谱仪(EDS)表征所合成材料的结构、形貌、热稳定性、光学性能、比表面积。Sn掺杂后各样品在紫外和可见光区的吸收能力均有不同程度地增强。与未掺杂TiO2的吸收带边相比,Sn掺杂TiO2的吸收带边分别红移了约35 nm,从而提高了光催化降解甲基橙的活性。为了评估产品的光催化性能,进行了掺杂锡的纳米二氧化钛对甲基橙的光催化降解实验,实验结果表明在2 mL离子液体中合成掺杂锡为7%的纳米二氧化钛对甲基橙的光降解具有最好的催化作用。光照90 min对甲基橙的降解率就达到了97%以上,大幅度提高了TiO2的可见光催化活性,这是因为有效抑制了光生电子和空穴的复合,也明显降低了TiO2的禁带宽度。     

Changing climate affects vegetation growth in the arid region of the northwestern China

The northwestern China is a typical dry-land region of Inner Asia, where significant climate change has been observed over the past several decades. How the regional vegetation, particularly the grassland-oasis-desert complex, responds to such climatic change is poorly understood. To address this question, we investigated spatio-temporal changes in vegetation growth and their responses to a changing climate by biome and bioregion, using satellite-sensed Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data from 1982 to 2003, along with corresponding climate data. Over the past 22 years, about 30% of the total vegetated area showed an annual increase of 0.7% in growing season NDVI. This trend occurred in all biomes and all bioregions except Sawuer, a subregion of the study area with no significant climate change. Further analyses indicated that NDVI change was highly correlated with the current precipitation and evapotranspiration in growing season but was not associated with temperature. We also found that NDVI was positively correlated with the preceding winter precipitation. These findings suggest that precipitation may be the key cause of vegetation growth in this area, even for mountain forests and grasslands, whose growth are often regarded to be limited by low temperate in winter and early spring.     

The geological evolution of southern McMurdo Sound — new evidence from a high-resolution aeromagnetic survey

Magnetic anomaly data are presented from a new helicopter-borne high-resolution aeromagnetic survey in southern McMurdo Sound. Anomaly data have been acquired at a common 305 m elevation above the McMurdo and southern McMurdo ice shelves and draped over the volcanic islands that pin them. The resulting anomaly patterns provide a significant advance in the understanding of the rift related geology beneath the floating ice shelves. More extensive Erebus Volcanic Province (McMurdo Volcanic Group) rocks are indicated along with a significant blanket of glaci-volcaniclastic sediment on the seafloor between the volcanic islands in southern McMurdo Sound. These glaci-volcaniclastic sediments are inferred to originate from former grounding of the southern McMurdo Ice Shelf as a marine ice sheet. A strong N–S fabric is also observed in the anomaly data suggesting that the rift structure observed in the Victoria Land basin persists to the south beneath the McMurdo and southern McMurdo ice shelves. W–N–W transfer faults identified within the Transantarctic Mountain rift flank to the west are not obvious in the aeromagnetic data set, implying that the 'Discovery Accommodation Zone' may be restricted to the region between a southward extension of the range bounding fault that marks the limit of the Victoria Land Basin and the right lateral offset in the Transantarctic Mountain front in southern Victoria Land.     

短期增温和降水减少对沙质草地土壤微生物量碳氮和酶活性的影响

通过模拟气候变化,探究短期增温和降水减少对沙质草地土壤微生物量碳氮及酶活性的影响,揭示沙质草地土壤微生物量碳氮和酶活性对短期气候变化的响应规律。结果表明：（1）短期增温和降水减少对土壤微生物量碳氮和酶活性均产生显著影响。（2）在自然温度下,与自然降水相比,降水减少40%时土壤微生物量碳（MBC）和微生物氮（MBN）含量最高,增幅分别为87.9%和98.8%;降水减少60%时土壤碱性蛋白酶（S-ALPT）活性最低,降幅达32.8%。（3）在增温条件下,与自然降水相比,降水减少40%时土壤MBC和MBN含量最低,降幅分别为25.67%和48.16%,土壤脲酶（S-UE）活性最高,增幅20.42%。（4）土壤pH与3种土壤酶活性正相关,与土壤微生物量碳氮负相关。土壤微生物量碳氮与土壤纤维素酶（S-CL）活性负相关,与S-UE、S-ALPT活性正相关。     

末次冰盛期东亚夏季风变化的重庆石笋记录

基于重庆小山岩洞XSY1石笋的5个²³⁰Th年龄和582个氧同位素数据,重建了23134~19345 a B.P.期间分辨率约6.5 a的东亚夏季风变化历史。此石笋δ¹⁸O记录的长期趋势逐渐负偏,在其上叠加了一系列千年-百年尺度季风振荡,呈现为4谷3峰的结构形态。重庆XSY1和南京MSD石笋δ¹⁸O记录在数百年尺度的反相关系表明冰盛期时东亚大陆东部水汽并非来自印度洋。与北高纬记录对比显示东亚季风的增强与减弱基本对应格陵兰温度的升高与降低时期,暗示在冰量最大时期东亚季风与北高纬气候仍密切联系。此外,XSY1的δ¹⁸O与冰芯¹⁰Be通量亦存在明显的对应关系,表明太阳活动对东亚季风的调控作用受冰量边界条件影响较小。功率谱分析结果显示出1011 a、722 a、460 a、337 a和163 a的周期,与太阳活动周期相近,进一步确认太阳活动对东亚季风的驱动作用。石笋XSY1与澳大利亚石笋MC-S2 δ¹⁸O记录在千年尺度呈反相位变化,表明冰盛期时东亚季风与全球其他气候系统的动力联系。

     

Immunotoxicity effect of benzo[α]pyrene on scallop Chlamys farreri

The toxic effects of benzo[α]pyrene (B[α]P) at different concentrations (0.1, 0.5, 1, 2.5 and 7.5 μgL⁻¹) on scallop (Chlamy farreri) immune system were studied. The results showed that B[α]P had significant toxic effects on the haemocyte counts, neutral red uptake, phagocytosis, bacteriolytic and antibacterial activity (P<0.05), while the seawater control and acetone control had no significant differences. The haemocyte counts, neutral red uptake, phagocytosis and bacteriolytic activity in all B[α]P treatment groups as well as antibacterial activity in groups of 0.5, 1, 2.5 and 7.5 μgL⁻¹ B[α]P decreased significantly (P<0.05). Some of these indices tended to be stable on the sixth day and others on the ninth day, and the indices showed clear time- and concentration-response to B[α]P. Bacteriolytic activity in 0.1μgL⁻¹ B[α]P treatment group and antibacterial activity in 0.1 μgL⁻¹ and 0.5 μgL- B[α]P treatment groups increased at the beginning of exposure and reached their peaks on day 1 and day 6, respectively. Following that, both activities decreased gradually and became stable after day 9. When all the indices reached stability, they were significantly lower than those in control group (P<0.05), except for antibacterial activity in 0.1 μgL⁻¹ B[α]P treatment group (P>0.05). Thus, B[α] has evident toxic effects on scallop immune system, which supports the view that a relationship exists between pollution and immunomodulation in aquatic organisms.     

长垣断陷的地壳浅部结构和构造——地震反射剖面结果

为研究长垣断陷的地壳浅部结构和断裂浅部构造特征,跨长垣断陷完成了一条长度49 km的中深层地震反射剖面和一条长度7 km的浅层地震反射剖面。根据获得的地震反射剖面,结合区域地质资料,分析研究区的地壳浅部结构和断裂活动特征。结果表明,长垣断陷是一个东深、西浅的箕状断陷;黄河断裂为西倾的铲形正断层,其浅部错断了埋深约190 m的第四纪地层,其下部错断了多组反射地层和盆地基底,属第四纪以来的隐伏活动断裂;长垣断裂浅部错断了新近纪地层的底界,向下延伸至基底之下,属前第四纪断裂。本文研究成果为新乡市及其邻区的活动构造研究和地震危险性评价提供了地震学证据。     

Effects of Pseudoalteromonas sp. BC228 on digestive enzyme activity and immune response of juvenile sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus)

A marine bacterium, Pseudoalteromonas sp. BC228 was supplemented to feed in a feeding experiment aiming to determine its ability of enhancing the digestive enzyme activity and immune response of juvenile Apostichopus japonicus. Sea cucumber individuals were fed with the diets containing 0(control), 105, 107 and 109 CFU g-1 diet of BC228 for 45 days. Results showed that intestinal trypsin and lipase activities were significantly enhanced by 107 and 109 CFU g-1 diet of BC228 in comparison with control(P 0.01). The phagocytic activity in the coelomocytes of sea cucumber fed the diet supplemented with 107 CFU g-1 diet of BC228 was significantly higher than that of those fed control diet(P 0.05). In addition, 105 and 107 CFU g-1 diet of BC228 significantly enhanced lysozyme and phenoloxidase activities in the coelomic fluid of sea cucumber, respectively, in comparison with other diets(P 0.01). Sea cucumbers, 10 each diet, were challenged with Vibrio splendidus NB13 after 45 days of feeding. It was found that the cumulative incidence and mortality of sea cucumber fed with BC228 containing diets were lower than those of animals fed control diet. Our findings evidenced that BC228 supplemented in diets improved the digestive enzyme activity of juvenile sea cucumber, stimulated its immune response and enhanced its resistance to the infection of V. splendidus.