寒区对研究设计施工的影响——第14届寒区工程学术会议综述

由美国土木工程师协会(ASCE)组织召开的寒区工程学术会议是北美寒区岩土工程界最为重要的学术交流会议之一.近年来,参加该会议的北美以外的寒区科研技术人员日渐增多.第14届寒区工程会议于2009年9月在美国Minnesota州Duluth市成功举行.根据本次会议的论文主题,从冻结作用、路面工程、铁路及公路工程以及其它一些方面对会议展示的主要研究进展进行了总结.     

腾冲马鞍山、打鹰山、黑空山火山岩浆来源与演化

本文对马鞍山、打鹰山、黑空山火山岩主微量和Sr、Nd、Pd同位素地球化学研究认为,腾冲火山岩浆源区具有MORB与富集地幔混合之特征,推测为新特提斯俯冲洋壳重新熔融,导致腾冲地区的高钾钙碱性岩浆的火山活动,解释了腾冲在新生代大陆板内构造环境背景下出现岛弧或活动大陆边缘火山岩地球化学特征的现象。马鞍山、打鹰山和黑空山火山高钾钙碱性岩浆经历了岩浆房阶段辉石、钛铁矿的结晶分离作用和岩浆上升过程中斜长石的结晶分离作用,导致岩浆成分从中基性向中酸性演化,火山岩从玄武质粗安岩→粗安岩→粗面质英安岩演化。     

Quantitative Research Performing other Worlds: lessons from sustainable agriculture in the Philippines

For those interested in ethical research, quantitative methods are often dismissed as apolitical; as unreflective exercises in ‘mere counting’. If, however, in doing research, we bring into being the very worlds we purport to describe, the question begs: what kinds of worlds might quantitative methods bring into being? Is there space for a reflexive, quantitative research agenda? In this paper, I will discuss an action-based predominantly quantitative research project that aimed to investigate the diverse impacts of sustainable agriculture on small-scale farmers in the Philippines. The study, one of the largest ever undertaken on organic rice production, was consciously designed, not merely to describe, but to perform organic agriculture differently. While most quantitative, and indeed much qualitative, research ignores its performativity, this research was intended to enact a reality of sustainable agriculture as a viable and vital alternative to mainstream, capitalist agriculture.     

西秦岭岷-礼成矿带岩浆活动与金矿成矿模式探讨

岷-礼成矿带发现较多大型金矿,同时在岩体内发现斑岩型钼矿。金矿床矿石中除有低温矿物外,还有黄铜矿、白钨矿等中-高温矿物,白钨矿在寨上金矿中是载金矿物之一;钼矿中也有黄铜矿、白钨矿矿物;金、钼、钨矿化分带有一定空间关系;金矿床地球化学、稳定同位素、放射性同位素和流体包裹体的研究表明成矿物质,成矿流体有深源特征;中川岩体群的岩石学、年代学、岩石化学、微量元素、稀土元素特征表明岩体为复式岩体,具有壳幔混源特征;据此建立成矿带内受印支-燕山期岩浆活动控制的金矿成矿模式。     

超级喷发(超级侵入)后成矿作用

本文仿照超级喷发的概念定义了超级侵入,并将超级火山对应于大型岩基.文章聚焦于这样一个科学问题:为什么大规模成矿作用发生在紧接着超级喷发和超级侵入之后？为此,首先探讨了峨嵋山地幔柱系统的活动规律.尽管少数学者对玄武质岩浆大规模喷出之前的千米级地壳隆升提出了质疑,峨嵋山火山岩系第一旋回底部玄武岩直接覆盖在喀斯特之上的新观察支持千米级隆升的认识.这表明,峨嵋山地幔柱快速上涌之初期,岩石圈子系统在相当长一段时间没有作出伸展响应,尽管局部已经发生了地壳岩石的部分熔融.因此,岩浆通道形成之后,首先喷出了巨厚层玄武岩,并且后者裹挟了部分长英质岩浆.此后,岩浆喷发的规模振荡性减小,直至消失和地表沉降.斜长石巨斑玄武岩和苦橄岩中橄榄石斑晶与基质间的不平衡表明这些晶体属于循环晶,暗示岩浆曾经在深部岩浆房滞留了相当长的时间,这将导致岩石圈受热膨胀和再次隆升以及岩浆的冻结.因此,下一阶段岩浆活动的开始要求有一个冻结岩浆房的活化机制.依据野外地质学和岩相学观察,文章详细描述了流体活化机制,并强调了提出这种机制的必要性.虽然多数作者偏好升温活化机制,流体活化机制对长英质和镁铁质岩浆成矿系统都是必需的.进而,结合地幔名义无水矿物的H₂O丰度及其对岩浆产生过程的贡献,提出岩浆产量与减压速率正相关而与流体产量反相关的观点.尽管水流体可以有效降低地幔橄榄岩的固相线温度从而有可能提高岩浆产量,新生代玄武岩中橄榄岩包体依然含有未分解的角闪石和云母且名义无水矿物依然含有较多的H₂O,表明快速减压条件下含水暗色矿物的分解反应和名义无水矿物的脱水作用都是低效的.将这种认识与峨嵋山地幔柱系统的振荡性运动结合在一起,结合成矿作用的基本解是成矿金属从流体中析出的认识,可以得出超大型矿床必然形成于超级喷发和超级侵入之后.攀枝花式铁矿的观察表明,两类代表性矿床都具有铁矿浆侵位发生在成矿系统演化最后阶段的特点.因此得出结论:超大型矿床的形成取决于岩浆通道向流体通道的转换.如果岩浆通道在尚未完全封闭之前被含矿流体所利用,大规模流体快速上升将产生超大型矿床.含矿流体透过残留于通道中的熔体上升,不仅冲刷通道中的残留熔体并使其聚集在火山岩系之下或侵位于其下部形成含矿小岩体,而且持续注入于小岩浆体中的含矿流体可以导致岩浆强烈分异形成层状岩体.当通道中残留熔体被消耗殆尽,沿着通道上升的只有含矿流体.这些含矿流体充填在自生长裂隙中并强烈排气,最终可形成矿浆型富矿体.考虑到通道的规模与关闭速率的关系,推测超级喷发/侵入发生时的岩浆主通道更容易转换为含矿流体通道,因而是圈定找矿靶区的首选目标.该模型似乎与观察结果相吻合,并可与岩浆成矿系统的复杂性、小岩体成大矿理论、透岩浆流体成矿理论和通道成矿假说有机地结合在一起,较合理解释了超级喷发/侵入后成矿作用的地球动力学背景和成矿过程.由于长英质和镁铁质岩浆系统中均可见岩基,我们建议将这类成矿作用统称为岩基后成矿作用.     

新型旋转减冲装置对桩基局部冲刷防护试验研究

为减轻海上风电单桩基础周围局部冲刷对其结构安全的影响,提出了一种新型旋转减冲装置。在波流水槽中开展物理模型试验,改变波流条件、装置安装高度、安装距离,记录桩周冲刷发展历时,运用激光地形仪扫描冲刷坑形态,分析各工况下冲刷坑形态差异,验证装置不同安装距离、安装高度下的冲刷防护效果,提出了不同安装位置下的防护效率公式。结果表明：新型旋转减冲装置具有较好的冲刷防护效果,本试验工况下,桩周最大冲刷深度可减小44%左右。装置安装距离对冲刷防护效果影响较小,波流作用下的冲刷防护效果受装置安装高度影响显著,冲刷防护效果随装置安装高度的增加而减弱。     

How the Method of Minimization of Action Avoids Singularities

The method of minimization of action is a powerful technique of proving the existence of particular and interesting solutions of the n-body problem, but it suffers from the possible interference of singularities. The minimization of action is an optimization and, after a short presentation of a few optimization theories, our analysis of interference of singularities will show that:(A) An n-body solution minimizing the action between given boundary conditions has no discontinuity: all n-bodies have a continuous and bounded motion and thus all eventual singularities are collisions;(B) A beautiful extension of Lambert's theorem shows that, for these minimizing solutions, no double collision can occur at an intermediate time;(C) The proof can be extended to triple and to multiple collisions. Thus, the method of minimization of action leads to pure n-body motions without singularity at any intermediate time, even if one or several collisions are imposed at initial and/or final times.This method is suitable for non-infinitesimal masses only. Fortunately, a similar method, with the same general property with respect to the singularities, can be extended to n-body problems including infinitesimal masses.     

“翻台法”提高地震定位精度的数学原理

对于震中偏离台网情况下的地震定位，常规方法定位效果较差。“翻台法”有效地提高了其定位精度。从均匀地壳模型的走时方程组出发，分析了“翻台法”定位中方程组系数的变化特点，推导了选取最佳翻转台站的方法，并得出如下结论：（１）“翻台法”增加了原定位方程组的约束方程，翻台数与已知条件和所求参数个数有关，从理论上讲，翻转台数超过独立的约束方程数时对增加定位精度不再有意义；（２）考虑到具体的台网布局和台站资料质量，翻转不同台站对提高地震定位精度所起的作用大小各不相同，因而存在选取最佳翻转台站问题。     

Geochronology and geochemistry of lithium-rich tuffs in the Sichuan basin,western Yangtze: Implication for the magmatic origin and final closure of eastern Paleo-Tethys

The felsic volcanogenic tuffs named “green-bean rocks” (GBRs), characterized by a green or yellowish green color, are widely distributed in the western Yangtze platform and have a high lithium content (286–957 ppm). This paper studies the ages, origin and tectonic setting of the GBRs in the Sichuan basin on the western margin of the Yangtze platform through the whole-rock geochemistry and zircon trace elements by using U–Pb dating and Hf–O isotopes. The GBR samples from the Quxian and Beibei sections yielded zircon U–Pb ages of 245.5 ± 1.8 Ma and 244.8 ± 2.2 Ma. These samples can be used as the isochronous stratigraphic marker of the Early–Middle Triassic boundary (EMTB) for regional correlation. The whole-rock and zircon geochemistry, and zircon Hf–O isotopes exhibited S-type geochemical affinities with high positive δ¹⁸O values (9.28‰–11.98‰), low negative ε_Hf(t) values (?13.87 to ? 6.79), and T_DM² ages of 2150–1703 Ma, indicating that the lithium-rich GBRs were generated by the remelting of the pre-existing ancient Paleoproterozoic layer without mantle source contamination in the arc-related/orogenic tectonic setting. The results of this study demonstrate that the lithium-rich GBRs in the western Yangtze platform were derived from arc volcanic eruptions along the Sanjiang orogen, triggered by the closure of the eastern Paleo-Tethys Ocean and the syn-collision between the continental Indochina and Yangtze blocks at ca. 247 Ma. This was marked by a major shift from I-type magmas with intermediate ε_Hf(t) values to S-type magmas with low negative ε_Hf(t) values. Collectively, our results provide new insights into the origin of the GBRs and decodes the closure of the eastern Paleo-Tethys.     

Study on Yanshanian metallogenic granitoids magmatism in Baoshan deposit,southern Hunan ProvinceSCIEI北大核心CSCD

本文对湘南宝山花岗闪长斑岩进行了系统的锆石和磷灰石U-Pb定年、岩石地球化学以及锆石Hf同位素研究,并探讨了宝山花岗闪长斑岩的岩石成因和构造意义。锆石和磷灰石的LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年显示,宝山花岗闪长斑岩的成岩年龄为160Ma。综合元素和同位素地球化学证据,宝山花岗闪长斑岩的成因可能为新生地壳与古老地壳的混合熔融,同时宝山花岗闪长斑岩中发现的890±20Ma的继承锆石,验证了新元古代新生地壳的参与。磷灰石的主微量元素研究显示花岗闪长斑岩具有较高的氧逸度和Cl含量,Sr/Th比值具有较大变化,而La/Sm比值变化不大等特征,表明形成花岗闪长斑岩岩浆的母岩受到俯冲板片脱水形成的流体交代作用影响。在上述过程中,富含Cl和H2O的流体从板片中释放出来,引发地幔楔熔融,并对矿床中成矿金属元素进行提取。由于古太平洋板块俯冲引发的伸展-减薄运动,在地幔上涌过程中,新元古代新生地壳发生部分熔融,这些高温岩浆底侵老地壳源区,诱发老地壳部分熔融,进而发生了强烈的壳-壳混合作用,产生花岗闪长质岩浆。