Differentiation and magma mixing on Kilauea's east rift zone: a further look at the eruptions of 1955 and 1960. Part II. The 1960 lavas

 New and detailed petrographic observations, mineral compositional data, and whole-rock vs glass compositional trends document magma mixing in lavas erupted from Kilauea's lower east rift zone in 1960. Evidence includes the occurrence of heterogeneous phenocryst assemblages, including resorbed and reversely zoned minerals in the lavas inferred to be hybrids. Calculations suggest that this mixing, which is shown to have taken place within magma reservoirs recharged at the end of the 1955 eruption, involved introduction of four different magmas. These magmas originated beneath Kilauea's summit and moved into the rift reservoirs beginning 10 days after the eruption began. We used microprobe analyses of glass to calculate temperatures of liquids erupted in 1955 and 1960. We then used the calculated proportions of stored and recharge components to estimate the temperature of the recharge components, and found those temperatures to be consistent with the temperature of the same magmas as they appeared at Kilauea's summit. Our studies reinforce conclusions reached in previous studies of Kilauea's magmatic plumbing. We infer that magma enters shallow storage beneath Kilauea's summit and also moves laterally into the fluid core of the East rift zone. During this process, if magmas of distinctive chemistry are present, they retain their chemical identity and the amount of cooling is comparable for magma transported either upward or laterally to eruption sites. Intrusions within a few kilometers of the surface cool and crystallize to produce fractionated magma. Magma mixing occurs both within bodies of previously fractionated magma and when new magma intersects a preexisting reservoir. Magma is otherwise prevented from mixing, either by wall-rock septa or by differing thermal and density characteristics of the successive magma batches. Received: July 10, 1995 / Accepted: October 10, 1995     

黄土中古土壤CaCO3淀积层及其意义

西安东郊黄土中古土壤ＣａＣＯ３和淋滤裂隙等的研究表明,使ＣａＣＯ３发生迁移的水为重力水,ＣａＣＯ３淀积层的顶界代表重力水淋溶亚带的底界,也是重力水发生突变的分界。薄膜水不具淋溶作用,也不会引起ＣａＣＯ３的淀积。由ＣａＣＯ３淀积深度可知,中更新世温湿期降水分配不均,雨季与旱季分明,增加的降水量主要集中在雨季降落;温湿期与冷干期的差别主要在雨季,旱季差异小。     

Researches on the stability of porphyra-334 solution and its influence factors

1　Introduction　Ultravioletradiationisahighlyactivecomponentofsolarspectrum .Ultravioletradiationhasdetrimentaleffectsonlivingthingsexposedtosunlight ,includingthedestructionofDNA ,proteinsandothermolecules(Harm ,1980 ) ,inhibitionofphotosynthesisandgrow…     

混凝土碱-集料反应

碱-集料反应是影响混凝土结构耐久性的主要因素之一,由于其破坏的严重性和难以修复性,被称为混凝土的“癌症”.介绍了碱-集料反应的分类、作用机理、影响因素以及预防措施.     

SAR影像仿真与水下地形反演的阻尼牛顿—行作用法

研究了浅海SAR影像仿真与水下地形反演的数值方法。将仿真与反演问题模型处理为相互独立的依赖于时间的非线性偏微分方程动力系统。使反演问题模型仅依赖于SAR影像灰度值，计算可一次性完成，计算过程中无须与正问题进行数据交互，在此基础上，提出了仿真与反演的一种新的一致性优化算法：阻尼牛顿-行作用法．数值实验结果表明，算法对SAR影像仿真问题具有高效、可靠、计算稳定的特征；对水下地形反演问题也有较强的数值稳定性和较高的计算精度。本文3个算例反演出的地形与实际地形之间的相关系数都优于0．72029．     

Numerical Simulation for Refraction-Diffraction of Waves in Water of Slowly Varying Current and Topography

A new numerical finite difference iteration method for refraction-diffraction of waves in waterof slowly varying current and topography is developed in this paper.And corresponding theoretical modelincluding the dissipation term is briefly described,together with some analysis and comparison ofcomputational results of the model with measurements in a hydraulic scale model(Berkhoff et al.,1982).An example of practical use of the method is given,showing that the present model is useful to engineeringpractice.     

Generalized Mean-Flow Theory of Wave-Current-Bottom Interactions

1 .IntroductionAveraging has beenconsidered as anactive ,effective and precise methodinthe studyof fluid dy-namics ,andthe governing macroscopic variables like velocity are the averagingresults inthemselves .Consequently,for a special purpose ,the fluid m…     

Refraction-Diffraction Model for Irregular Wave and Directional Spectrum Considering Current

- A mild-slope equation for combined refraction and diffraction of random waves in the independent time current is derived using Kirby equation(1984). In the derivation, the frequency of random waves is represented based on the time series concept, by a typical frequency and its deviation part. Numerical results, compared with those of laboratory experiments, demonstrate that new set of irregular mild slope equation with current is of good adaptability.     

Hydrodynamic Characteristics of Submarine Composite Pipeline in a Wave-Current Coexisting Field

-A composite pipeline is defined as a pipeline system composed of one big pipe and one or several small pipes. Based on the theory of wave- current interaction and physical model test, the hydrodynamic characteristics of the submarine composite pipeline in wave-current coexisting field (both regular and irregular waves) are investigated. The so-called "modified diameter method" is used for analyzing the in-fine hydrodynamic coefficients of the composite pipeline, which are well related to KC number. The comparison of test data for regular and irregular waves shows that in the region of 90 > KC> 20, the results in these two cases can be unified. The effect of water depth is analyzed in details. The relationships between CD, CM and KC , which are based on the results of present research, may be used as a reference in engineering design.     

北黄海天文潮与风暴潮耦合水位的数值预报方法

本文在北黄海潮汐、天文潮与风暴潮耦合作用数值研究的基础上,建立了该区天文潮与风暴潮耦合作用下水位的数值预报方法,并取得了计算值与实测值较吻合的结果。