Ga/Mg ratio as a new geochemical tool to differentiate magmatic from metamorphic blue sapphires

Using ICP-MS–LA analyses, we demonstrate that the use of the Ga/Mg ratio, in conjunction with the Fe concentration, is an efficient tool in discriminating between “metamorphic” and “magmatic” blue sapphires. Magmatic blue sapphires found in alkali basalts (e.g. southeastern Asia, China, Africa) are commonly medium-rich to rich in Fe (with average contents between 2000 and 11000 ppm), high in Ga (> 140 ppm), and low in Mg (generally < 20 ppm) with high Ga/Mg ratios (> 10). Conversely, metamorphic blue sapphires found in basalts (e.g. Pailin pastel) and in metamorphic terrains (e.g. Mogok, Sri Lanka, Ilakaka) are characterized by low average iron contents (< 3000 ppm), low Ga contents (< 75 ppm), and high Mg values (> 60 ppm) with low average Ga/Mg ratios (< 10). Basaltic magmatic sapphires have Fe, Ga and Mg contents similar to those obtained for primary magmatic sapphires found in the Garba Tula syenite. This suggests that these both sets of sapphires have a possible common “syenitic” origin, as previously proposed from other criteria. In addition, plumasite-related sapphires and metamorphic sapphires also exhibit similar composition in trace elements. Based on results from the present study, we suggest that fluid circulations during a metamorphic stage produced metasomatic exchanges between mafic and acidic rocks (plumasite model), thus explaining the high Mg contents and converging Ga/Mg ratios observed in metamorphic sapphires.     

古岩溶起伏对黔北铝土矿的控制作用

黔北铝土矿含矿岩系地层的厚度在某些地段具有局部加厚的特征，这一特征预示了铝土矿的成矿控制作用存在非正常沉积控制的某些因素。本文通过对道真县池家沟矿点古岩溶起伏剖面的研究，发现岩溶古地貌环境对该矿点铝土矿层的厚度控制明显，其表明在黔北地区铝土矿含矿岩系分布区，下伏地层为碳酸盐岩分布的地段，古岩溶地貌环境是铝土矿含矿岩系地层厚度变化的控制因素之一。     

Limit state model for R.C. bridge joints under seismic loading

Most of the available models of monolithic reinforced concrete joints under seismic action focus on estimation of cracking and ultimate shear strengths. Very few studies have been directed towards developing expressions for the associated joint deformations at the milestone response points so as to compose a limit-state model for joints that would be compatible with the emerging framework of deformation based seismic assessment and design methods. This objective is pursued in the present paper with particular emphasis on monolithic bridge joints. Deformation capacity at yielding and failure of joints is derived by establishing equilibrium and geometric compatibility of smeared stresses and strains, and satisfying material constitutive relationships. Expressions and model parameters are calibrated with the database of published bridge joint tests assembled from International literature, using statistical evaluation. From the mean values of the design parameters simplified equations for shear strength and ultimate shear strain of bridge joints are proposed.     

Analysis of UVB values in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula

Records of UV data started in Madrid at the beginning of the 90's decade. After some quality control on the data a seven year period from 1996 to 2002 was selected to perform an analysis of daily and seasonal variability of solar ultraviolet B (UVB) values at the centre of the Iberian Peninsula. Instruments used are a Brewer MKIV spectrophotometer and a YES UVB-1 broadband pyranometer. Both instruments provided integrated daily values according with the Diffey spectrum although they have different measurement procedures. Data statistics from each instrument for the same period and statistical relationships between daily values from both instruments are shown. As broadband YES provided a record with fewer time gaps, analysis of UVI extreme values is performed using that instrument. The relationship between UVB values with ozone, cloudiness and visible radiation has been described in several papers for different places in the world. In this paper, those relationships are shown for Madrid. A discussion about specific problems found when trying to isolate every effective factor is also included. Some of those relationships could be helpful to retrieve UVB values from other ancillary data as visible radiation and cloudiness. Finally, a detailed study for 10 days in June 1997 when the maximum record of daily values from the present time series was obtained, highlight the close correlation between total ozone content and the daily variability of UVB for similar amounts of incoming radiation.     

pH dependant isotope variations in arc-type geothermal waters: New insights into their origins

In arc-type geothermal systems along the circum-Pacific rim, low pH well discharges in the geothermal systems of Japan and the Philippines are more enriched in oxygen-18 or deuterium or both as compared to neutral pH waters found in the same systems. Isotope enrichment of both oxygen-18 and deuterium means higher percentage of magmatic vapour contribution to the well discharges due to the fact that un-neutralized magmatic water carries much abundant hydrogen ions to keep the water at a lower pH. This is consistent with the observation that acid geothermal waters usually occur near the volcanic heat source of a geothermal system, where the magmatic component tends to reach a higher percentage.     

A fully implicit model for simulating dynamo action in a Cartesian domain

We present a fully implicit numerical method to solve the incompressible MHD equations in a strongly rotating Cartesian domain. The equations are solved in a primitive variable formulation using a finite volume discretization. In order to use massively parallel computers, we applied a domain decomposition approach in space. The performance of this model is compared with an earlier model, which treated the convective terms of the equations in an explicit manner. Our results indicate that although the fully implicit method needs about three times the memory of the implicit–explicit method, it is superior in terms of computational efficiency. As an application of this model, we investigated the influence of the Prandtl number in the range of 0.01–1000 on the dynamics of the dynamo.     

盾构近接隧道施工力学行为分析

在地下工程近接施工中,新建结构物的施工会改变既有结构物的受力状态,从而对既有结构物产生各种不利影响。由于新建结构物的受力模式不同于半无限体或无限体中修建单一洞室的一般状况,其初始应力场往往经过多次扰动,施工时将再次进行扰动,表现出极大的变异性。通过三维仿真计算,模拟了盾构机上作用3种不同推进力时对既有运营隧道变形和主应力的影响,以对是否加固既有运营地铁隧道给出建议,同时对最大推进力作用下随着盾构隧道的开挖对既有地铁隧道轨底倾斜度的影响进行了分析。分析计算得出的结论对于盾构隧道设计和施工有一定指导意义。     

上海软土地区打入桩基长期沉降性状研究

通过对上海25栋高层建筑打入桩基长期沉降观测资料的对比分析,研究压缩层的组成与桩周土特性对打入桩基长期沉降性状的影响,指出桩周浅部厚砂土层对打入桩基长期沉降性状的影响同压缩层有密切的关系。当压缩层以准砂土为主（准砂土比 ? > 75 %）时,桩周厚砂土层对降低桩基沉降及改善沉降性状有明显作用;当准砂土比? < 50 %（或可塑性黏土比?3 > 50 %）时,桩周厚砂土层的上述作用将消失。即使在桩周存在厚砂土层时,压缩层组成对桩基沉降性状的基本特征起主导作用仍然是具有普遍意义的概念。在浅部厚砂土层中得到的上述研究结果,实际上同挤土桩施工的复杂作用有关。     

Short gravity waves on steady non-uniform currents obtained through up-/downwelling

Small amplitude water waves propagating in a medium with a steady non-uniform current are investigated. The non-uniform current is obtained by up- or downwelling through the horizontal bed. A new locally valid velocity potential correct to the second order is derived describing the combined wave–current motion. From this solution expressions for the local evolution of the wave amplitude and the wave number are extracted. These expressions are compared with the results found using the principle of wave action conservation and the linear dispersion relation, and good agreement is found at small distances compared to the wavelength. Unlike earlier works there is no restriction to deep water. The results valid for deep water are found as a special case of the general solution and agree with the solution found by Longuet-Higgins, M.S. and Stewart, R.W. (1961) The changes in amplitude of short gravity waves on steady non-uniform currents. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 10(4), 529–549. Furthermore, it is shown that the principle of wave action conservation in fact holds for waves propagating in a medium with a steady non-uniform current maintained by up-/downwelling also on finite depth.     

Wave Numerical Model for Shallow Water

The history of forecasting wind waves by wave energy conservation equation is briefly des-cribed.Several currently used wave numerical models for shallow water based on different wave theoriesare discussed.Wave energy conservation models for the simulation of shallow water waves are introduced,with emphasis placed on the SWAN model,which takes use of the most advanced wave research achieve-ments and has been applied to several theoretical and field conditions.The characteristics and applicabilityof the model,the finite difference numerical scheme of the action balance equation and its source termscomputing methods are described in detail.The model has been verified with the propagation refractionnumerical experiments for waves propagating in following and opposing currents;finally.the model is ap-plied to the Haian Gulf area to simulate the wave height and wave period field there,and the results arecompared with observed data.