The rise of the scientific fisherman: Mobilising knowledge and negotiating user rights in the Devon inshore brown crab fishery,UK

This article draws on a process of collaborative research associated with the brown crab fishery in Devon, UK. It charts the mobilisation of knowledge in the struggle over ‘ownership’ and influence in the coastal zone. Using methods from the social and behavioural sciences the article outlines different perspectives on a number of key contestations across the domains of sustainable use and a new conservation agenda ushered in by the introduction of European and UK national marine spatial planning tools for the South Coast of England. Along with their introduction and the ‘opening up’ of marine space, new opportunities emerge for fishers, who, by building alliances with scientists and managers, and by drawing upon the methods and materials of science, are better able to negotiate for their own interests over access and control of marine resources. The paper concludes by outlining the emergence of a new type of scientifically literate fisherman, a ‘political actor with a new crew’, better able to implement collective actions towards the sustainable use of brown crab resources.     

Comparison of spatial and aspatial logistic regression models for landmine risk mapping

Landmines continue to affect the lives of millions of people living in war-torn countries. One major challenge in humanitarian mine action (HMA) is finding new and integrated approaches to land release, which remains a slow and costly process. The use of geographic information systems (GIS) in HMA can improve the land release process by efficient mapping and prioritizing of landmine risk areas. This study explores the usage of aspatial and spatial regression techniques to construct a predictive geo-statistical model for landmine risk mapping in a small 160 km² municipality in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) and a large 4500 km² region in Colombia. The first application of logistic geographically weighted regression to landmine risk mapping is presented. The results show that in the BiH study area, the effect of local parameters that influence the distribution of landmine risk varies significantly across the study area. Conversely, in the Colombia case study the effect of explanatory variables remains more homogeneous over the study area. We produced two landmine risk maps for each study area, based on aspatial and spatial regression models. Risk maps are classified into five classes, i.e. very low, low, medium, high, and very high risk. The landmine risk maps created through the usage of these innovative methodologies improve the assessment of risk and prioritization of the land release process in mine-contaminated areas, compared to existing approaches.     

Collective action problems posed by no-take zones

Around 0.04% of the world's marine area is presently designated as no-take zone (NTZ), in which all fishing is banned. The IUCN, backed by many marine fisheries and ecology scientists, has called for this to be increased to 20–30% by 2012 in order to conserve fish stocks and marine biodiversity. This ambitious target presents a number of collective action problems (CAPs) that must be addressed and overcome if fishers and other relevant actors are to collaborate towards its achievement. These are discussed, drawing on the common-pool resource (CPR) literature, with particular reference to those raised by divergent aims, predictability, different knowledges, role of advocacy, locality, level of decision-making and enforceability. As NTZs are ultimately about altering the behaviour of humans, it is argued that studies based on social sciences, on how NTZs can be designed, implemented and enforced on a collective basis, are essential.     

控制流水波痕的外部地质作用

流水波痕可以广泛发育在不同的海、陆相环境中。对流水波痕的研究不能仅仅注意沉积作用方面，更要注意作用于流水波痕的外部条件。     

河口、海岸环境下床沙输运的初步实验研究

量测了在水深0.5m的情况下波浪、水流通过水平沙床所产生的床沙输移。实验波高为0.15m，周期分别为1.4和2.0s。首先量测纯波浪下的床沙输移，然后量测波流共同作用下，水流与波浪行进方向一致其稳定速度分别为0.02,0.04,0.06m/s时的床沙输移，结果表明，2个沙槽所得的总输沙率在波周期2.0s时最大，净输沙率在波周期1.4s时最大，将波叠加在速度为0.02m/s的水流上时，2种波型的净输沙率都增加约1倍，水流为0.04m/s和0.06m/s时2种波型的净输沙率分别都减少。     

Régimes des flux des matières solides en suspension au Cameroun: revue et synthèse à l’échelle des principaux écosystèmes; diversité climatique et actions anthropiques / Regimes of suspended sediment flux in Cameroon: review and synthesis for the main ecosystems; climatic diversity and anthropogenic activities

Abstract

Abstract Since the end of the 1950s, suspended matter measurements have been carried out in the streams and rivers of Cameroon. Despite the fact that these are often point measurements, they provide a framework for a global approach towards studying the regimes of suspended sediment transport in these rivers. The objective here is to assess the intensity of sediment transport and to determine the principal factors which influence it, according to the main climatic units. The influence of human activities is pointed out. It appears that steep slopes, population density, soil cultivation and cattle grazing are the essential factors. The sediment load in these rivers is increasing with latitude with 20–40 g m^-3 at the Equator, 80–100 g m^-3 in the transition zones and 150–160 g m^-3 in the dry tropical zones. The choice of drainage basin size for the characterisation of the rate of effective erosion is indispensable. In fact, in large drainage basins (5 × 10⁴ km²), there is an integration of heterogeneous geomorphological, phytogeographical, pedological and anthropogenic characteristics into average characteristics which do not show the influence of local conditions on sediment transport.     

Gravity and magnetic investigation on the distribution of volcanic rocks in the Qinggelidi area,north‐eastern Junggar Basin (north‐west China)

A detailed investigation on the location of magmatic intrusions in the Carboniferous strata of the Qinggelidi area, north‐eastern Junggar Basin, is presented based on the interpretation of gravity and magnetic data constrained by petrophysical data, seismics and surface geology. The wavelet multi‐resolution analysis based on the discrete wavelet transform is adopted to the regional‐residual separation of gravity and magnetic anomalies. A power spectrum analysis is applied to estimate the source depths corresponding to different scales. A comparative analysis on the characteristics of local gravity and magnetic anomalies improved our understanding of volcanic rock distribution in the Carboniferous strata. Generally speaking, in total 75 anomalies are recognized, among which 23 are inferred to be the responses of basalts, diabases and andesites with high density and strong magnetization. Twelve anomalies are assumed to be caused by andesites, rhyolites and volcanic breccias with medium‐low density and high magnetization. There are still five anomalies that are believed to be generated by volcanic tuffs with low density and weak magnetization. Lastly, four cross‐sections in 3D gravity and magnetic modelling are displayed to provide a more thorough image of volcanic rocks in our study area.     

Seismic image of the Mount Spurr magmatic system

 The three-dimensional P-wave velocity structure of Mount Spurr is determined to depths of 10 km by tomographic inversion of 3,754 first-arriving P-wave times from local earthquakes recorded by a permanent network of 11 seismographs. Results show a prominent low-velocity zone extending from the surface to 3–4 km below sea level beneath the southeastern flank of Crater Peak, spatially coincident with a geothermal system. P-wave velocities in this low-velocity zone are approximately 20% slower than those in the shallow crystalline basement rocks. Beneath Crater Peak an approximately 3-km-wide zone of relative low velocities correlates with a near-vertical band of seismicity, suggestive of a magmatic conduit. No large low-velocity zone indicative of a magma chamber occurs within the upper 10 km of the crust. These observations are consistent with petrologic and geochemical studies suggesting that Crater Peak magmas originate in the lower crust or upper mantle and have a short residence time in the shallow crust. Earthquakes relocated using the three-dimensional velocity structure correlate well with surface geology and other geophysical observations; thus, they provide additional constraints on the kinematics of the Mount Spurr magmatic system. Received: 4 December 1997 / Accepted: 27 February 1998     

Towards practitioner-initiated interactive knowledge development for sustainable development: A cross-case analysis of three coastal projects

Although the central challenges of sustainable development are well-known, sustainability science has been slow in contributing to effective and feasible solutions for sustainable development. Turning knowledge into action for sustainable development therefore remains a major challenge for sustainability science. Interactive knowledge development is considered a prerequisite for sustainability-oriented action. Most studies approach interactive knowledge development from a researcher's perspective. This paper focuses on practitioners that initiate interactive knowledge development for sustainability-oriented actions. A cross-case analysis is presented for interactive knowledge development in coastal projects. Three cases are analysed through the framework of project arrangements and knowledge arrangements. The projects are located in the Wadden Sea, San Francisco Bay and the Ems estuary and address issues of flood control, nature restoration and liveability. The cross-case analysis revealed 11 causal mechanisms that help explain how project decision-making impacts on interactive knowledge development, how a process of interactive knowledge development functions and what its outcomes are. The mechanisms clarify the key underlying processes of interactive knowledge development in coastal projects. The mechanisms show that interactive knowledge development may result in sustainability-oriented solutions that are feasible for implementation. As such, this paper contributes to a practice-oriented understanding of turning knowledge into action for sustainable coastal development.     

Strain distribution across a partially molten middle crust: Insights from the AMS mapping of the Carlos Chagas Anatexite,Araçuaí belt (East Brazil)

The easternmost part of the Neoproterozoic Araçuaí belt comprises an anatectic domain that involves anatexites (the Carlos Chagas unit), leucogranites and migmatitic granulites that display a well-developed fabric. Microstructural observations support that the deformation occurred in the magmatic to submagmatic state. Structural mapping integrating field and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) revealed a complex, 3D structure. The northern domain displays gently dipping foliations bearing a NW-trending lineation, southward, the lineation trend progressively rotates to EW then SW and the foliation is gently folded. The eastern domain displays E–W and NE–SW trending foliations with moderate to steeply dips bearing a dominantly NS trending lineation. Magnetic mineralogy investigation suggests biotite as the main carrier of the magnetic susceptibility in the anatexites and ferromagnetic minerals in the granulites. Crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) measurements using the electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) technique suggest that the magnetic fabric comes from the crystalline anisotropy of biotite and feldspar grains, especially. The delineation of several structural domains with contrasted flow fabric suggests a 3D flow field involving westward thrusting orthogonal to the belt, northwestward orogen-oblique escape tectonics and NS orogen-parallel flow. This complex deformation pattern may be due to interplay of collision-driven and gravity-driven deformations.