Bulk arc strain,crustal thickening,magma emplacement,and mass balances in the Mesozoic Sierra Nevada arc

Quantifying crustal deformation is important for evaluating mass balance, material transfer, and the interplay between tectonism and magmatism in continental arcs. We present a dataset of >650 finite strain analyses compiled from published works and our own studies with associated structural, geochronologic, and geobarometric information in central and southern Sierra Nevada, California, to quantify the arc crust deformation. Our results show that Mesozoic tectonism results in 65% arc-perpendicular bulk crust shortening under a more or less plane strain condition. Mesozoic arc magmatism replaced ∼80% of this actively deforming arc crust with plutons requiring significantly greater crustal thickening. We suggest that by ∼85 Ma, the arc crust thickness was ∼80 km with a 30-km-thick arc root, resulting in a ∼5 km elevation. Most tectonic shortening and magma emplacement must be accommodated by downward displacements of crustal materials into growing crustal roots at the estimated downward transfer rate of 2–13 km/Myr. The downward transfer of crustal materials must occur in active magma channels, or in “escape channels” in between solidified plutons that decrease in size with time and depth resulting in an increase in the intensity of constrictional strain with depth. We argue that both tectonism and magmatism control the thickness of the crust and surface elevation with slight modification by surface erosion. The downward transported crustal materials initially fertilize the MASH zone thus enhancing to the generation of additional magmas. As the crustal root grows it may potentially pinch out and cool the mantle wedge and thus cause reduction of arc magmatism.     

Magma accumulation and segregation during regional-scale folding: The Holland’s dome granite injection complex,Damara belt,Namibia

The regional-scale, upright fold of the Holland’s dome in the Damara belt of central Namibia contains a kilometre-scale network of intrusive, highly fractionated uraniferous leucogranites. Three broadly orthogonal and intersecting sets of leucogranite sheets that intruded parallel and at right angles to the axial plane of the first-order fold can be distinguished. The granites are internally sheeted and illustrate the growth of the injection complex through the successive addition of thousands of smaller magma batches. Spatial and timing relationships point to a stepwise evolution of the injection complex. Early dilatancy-driven segregation and accumulation of granitic magmas in the core of the fold, above a basal detachment, was followed by compaction-driven segregation of a melt phase during fold tightening. The intersecting leucogranite sets provide a suitably organized permeability structure for melt segregation, while the successive injection of magma batches ensures compatibility between regional strain rates during folding and the rates of magma segregation. The three-dimensional network of melt-bearing structures further assisted regional shortening past the lock-up of the fold. The Holland’s dome injection complex illustrates the geometric complexity of magma transfer pathways and the significance of regional-scale folding for the accumulation, segregation and fractionation of granitic magmas in suprasolidus crust.     

辽西新太古代钓鱼台花岗岩成因及演化过程:来自岩石组构的证据

辽西兴城钓鱼台地区分布一套花岗质杂岩,是新太古代"绥中花岗岩"的重要组成部分。花岗质杂岩以似斑状花岗闪长岩和石英闪长岩为主,少量细粒黑云闪长岩(包体)及脉状花岗岩,各类岩石接触关系明确,本文定义为"钓鱼台花岗岩"。锆石U-Pb同位素测试结果显示似斑状花岗闪长岩、石英闪长岩、脉状花岗岩的形成年龄分别为2538±20Ma、2476±56Ma、2470±18Ma,同为新太古代末期热事件的产物。通过该花岗岩组合的宏观-微观组构解析表明,似斑状花岗闪长岩表现为均匀块状构造,具有深熔花岗质岩浆的典型堆晶结构;细粒黑云闪长岩为细粒结构,呈小型暗色包体分布在似斑状花岗闪长岩中,包体的塑性变形、捕掳晶、淬冷边及反向脉等组构发育,具有铁镁质基性岩浆加入同深熔花岗闪长岩并快速冷却的特征;暗色的石英闪长岩主要分布在似斑状花岗闪长岩之下,接触带附近似斑状花岗闪长岩中的钾长石变斑晶明显增多,显示闪长质岩浆"底垫"侵位加热的特征;脉状花岗岩同时穿切似斑状花岗闪长岩和石英闪长岩,具有熔体富集脉体的结构特征。各类岩石中变形组构均不发育。钓鱼台花岗岩记录了新太古代末期地壳深熔和壳幔相互作用过程,岩石组构研究表明新太古代地壳再造作用是一个"静态"多期次的缓慢深熔过程,伴有同期幔源基性物质加入并混合,以及随后大规模的基性岩浆底侵。由此推断钓鱼台花岗岩形成的构造背景为幔源岩浆垂向底侵过程,可能是与俯冲带关联不明显的岩浆弧环境。     

柴北缘果可山岩体的岩浆混合作用:来自岩相学、矿物学和地球化学证据

青海南山岩浆岩带沿柴达木盆地和西秦岭造山带北缘分布,主要由与古特提斯洋俯冲-碰撞相关的晚二叠世-三叠纪花岗岩组成。本文对柴北缘东段果可山石英闪长岩及其中镁铁质微粒包体开展岩相学、矿物学、地球化学和Sr-Nd同位素综合研究及成因约束,为探究壳-幔相互作用提供新信息。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果显示,果可山石英闪长岩与镁铁质包体形成于～247Ma。石英闪长岩属中钾钙碱性I型花岗岩,具有中等K_2O含量(1.43%～2.18%)和高Mg~#值(48.9～52.4),还表现出富集轻稀土元素、大离子亲石元素(如U、K、Pb),亏损重稀土元素和高场强元素(如Nb、Ta、Ti)和弱Eu负异常特征(Eu/Eu~*=0.71～0.85)。Sr-Nd同位素组成和矿物不平衡结构(如斜长石韵律环带和突变环带及角闪石包裹黑云母)表明,石英闪长岩主要源自镁铁质下地壳部分熔融并伴有富集地幔来源镁铁质组分的参与。镁铁质微粒包体呈椭球状,发育冷凝边和特殊的显微结构(如针状磷灰石、斜长石反环带和斜长石含刀刃状角闪石),具有更低的SiO 2含量(56.68%～59.28%)、更高的ε#Nd(t)和Mg值(58.5～62.2)以及更平坦的稀土配分曲线,暗示果可山镁铁质包体和寄主花岗岩是由源自遭受俯冲交代地幔的镁铁质岩浆与古老下地壳(古元古代晚期)来源的长英质岩浆不同比例混合形成的。结合前人对区域沉积学和构造解析研究结果,本文认为青海南山早-中三叠世岩浆活动与古特提斯洋向北俯冲诱发的幔源岩浆底侵和岩浆混合作用有关。     

Identification of Magma Mixing: A Case Study of the Daocheng Batholith in the Yidun Arc

The Daocheng batholiths, located in the east of the Yidun arc, consist of granite, granodiorite and K-feldspar granite. Abundant massive mafic microgranular enclaves (MMEs) mainly developed within the granodiorite and K-feldspar granite, and they have clear contacts with the hosted granites. The MMEs are characterized by the quartz eye structure, quenched apatite, and plagioclases phenocrysts with obvious oscillatory zones. Petrographical studies on MMEs and host granites, zoned plagioclase and whole-rock geochemical analysis were carried out to identify the presence of magma mixing. Combined with the previous studies on the whole-rock Sr-Nd-Hf isotopic signatures, the petrogenesis of Daocheng batholith was discussed. The zoned plagioclases from MMEs have An contents varying between 29 and 44, while those from the host granites have An contents of 21~50. The compositional variations and corrosion structure of plagioclase are probably related to magma mixing. Geochemically, the MMEs have relatively low SiO₂ contents (56.34~60.91wt%), high Al₂O₃ contents of 16.06~17.98wt%, and are enriched in magnesium and iron, belonging to metalumnious series (A/CNK=0.82~0.98). The Daocheng batholith belongs to high-K calc-alkaline series, which have high alkaline contents (Na₂O+K₂O=6.25~7.79wt%) and low CaO contents (1.40~3.22wt%). Furthermore, both the MMEs and hosted granites are enriched in LILEs (K, Rb and Pb) and LREEs and depleted in HFSEs (Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, P and Ti), showing affinities of typical arc magmas. Compared with the host granites, the MMEs are characterized by lower (La/Yb)_N ratios of 1.99 to 2.46, and much more obvious Eu depletions (Eu/Eu^*=0.30~0.50). The host granites have Rb/Sr ratios ranging from 1.0 to 1.9, and they are consistent with the crust-derived materials (Rb/Sr>0.5). Their Zr/Hf ratios range from 27.5 to 36.9, which are close to the transitional Zr/Hf ratios between mantle-and crust-derived materials. This indicates that the formation of Daocheng batholith is genetically related to the mixing between mantle-and crust-derived materials. In addition, the relatively low silica contents and high Mg# values, and the linear patterns of MgO, Al₂O₃ and Fe₂O₃ with SiO₂ contents from the MMEs and host granites, show that the formation of MMEs is genetically related to magma mixing. Overall, the parent magmas of Daocheng granites are derived from the partial melting of Late Triassic arc lower crust, with the input of minor mantle-derived materials. The MMEs are generated by the mixing of the mafic magma with felsic magma.     

云南云县漫湾蛇绿混杂岩岩石特征及地质意义

通过云南云县地区1∶5万漫湾镇幅区域地质调查,从前人划分的上二叠统邦沙组(P₃b)分布区分解出来的一套中深变质岩系,为一套洋底玄武岩与洋内弧泥岩-碎屑岩的沉积组合,并称其为漫湾蛇绿混杂岩。该混杂岩中的火山岩,总体表现出洋中脊-准洋中脊拉斑玄武岩特点,在已变质的火山岩(角闪变粒岩)中获单颗粒锆石U-Pb谐和年龄值为295.6±0.92 Ma,表明漫湾蛇绿混杂岩形成于晚古生代。应为澜沧江洋盆闭合后的残留物,证实了澜沧江洋的存在。     

Lava worlds: From early earth to exoplanets

The magma ocean concept was first conceived to explain the geology of the Moon, but hemispherical or global oceans of silicate melt could be a widespread “lava world” phase of rocky planet accretion, and could persist on planets on short-period orbits around other stars. The formation and crystallization of magma oceans could be a defining stage in the assembly of a core, origin of a crust, initiation of tectonics, and formation of an atmosphere. The last decade has seen significant advances in our understanding of this phenomenon through analysis of terrestrial and extraterrestrial samples, planetary missions, and astronomical observations of exoplanets. This review describes the energetic basis of magma oceans and lava worlds and the lava lake analogs available for study on Earth and Io. It provides an overview of evidence for magma oceans throughout the Solar System and considers the factors that control the rocks these magma oceans leave behind. It describes research on theoretical and observed exoplanets that could host extant magma oceans and summarizes efforts to detect and characterize them. It reviews modeling of the evolution of magma oceans as a result of crystallization and evaporation, the interaction with the underlying solid mantle, and the effects of planetary rotation. The review also considers theoretical investigations on the formation of an atmosphere in concert with the magma ocean and in response to irradiation from the host star, and possible end-states. Finally, it describes needs and gaps in our knowledge and points to future opportunities with new planetary missions and space telescopes to identify and better characterize lava worlds around nearby stars.     

浙江中部芙蓉山花岗斑岩及包体岩石地球化学研究

花岗岩的源区、温压条件及与其他岩石的共生组合的研究可以限定其形成构造背景,了解其形成的深部动力学过程。本文对浙江中部中生代芙蓉山花岗斑岩及其暗色包体开展了全岩主微量元素、锆石U-Pb年代学和Hf同位素、Ti温度计和全岩Sr-Nd同位素研究,探讨芙蓉山花岗斑岩的成因类型、源区特征及其与镁铁质包体之间的关系,并进一步限定其构造背景。锆石U-Pb定年结果显示芙蓉山花岗斑岩加权平均年龄为133.6±1.6 Ma (MSWD = 2.1,2σ),镁铁质包体加权平均年龄为130.3±4.2 Ma (MSWD = 5.8,2σ),其成岩年龄基本一致,形成于早白垩世。全岩地球化学表明芙蓉山花岗斑岩属于亚碱性系列,同时具有低的Ga/Al(<2.6),高的Na2O含量(2.75%-4.5%,平均3.78%),较高的全碱含量(Na2O + K2O = 7.93%-8.75%),以及较低的锆石Ti饱和温度特征（631-690℃）,这些特征显示芙蓉山花岗斑岩为I型花岗岩,而非A型花岗岩。芙蓉山花岗斑岩中锆石Hf同位素有比较大的范围[εHf(t)=-10.9~-1.1],全岩[n(87Sr)/ n(86Sr)]i = 0.7062-0.7078,相对富集的εNd(t)=-5.6 ~ -4.7值;而包体表现为均一的[n(87Sr)/ n(86Sr)]i=0.7071-0.7079和弱富集的εNd(t)=-3.8 ~-2.8特征。野外及岩相学和元素地球化学特征显示典型的岩浆混合特征。镁铁质包体源区可能来自于俯冲交代地幔,芙蓉山花岗斑岩则形成于古老富钾地壳熔体和交代地幔熔体混合后的结晶分异。混合模型计算表明混合比例为：~80%的地幔端元和~ 20%地壳端元。浙江中部芙蓉山富钾I型花岗斑岩与镁铁质包体共生可能指示其形成于古太平洋板块俯冲后撤初始弱伸展拉张的构造背景。     

新疆东天山黄山东岩体岩石地球化学特征与岩石成因

黄山东岩体位于东天山北部的土墩-黄山-图拉尔根镁铁-超镁铁质岩带中段,受康古尔塔格-黄山深大断裂控制,是由辉长闪长岩、角闪辉长岩、橄榄辉长岩、辉长苏长岩及二辉橄榄岩组成的复式岩体。主量元素化学组成部分属拉斑玄武岩系列,也有部分属钙碱性系列。大部分岩石相对富集LREE、适度亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Ti)。元素地球化学和Nd、Sr、Pb同位素体系证明,岩浆遭受了5%～8%的中-上地壳物质的同化混染作用。岩浆源区由被消减板片交代的地幔楔物质和软流圈地幔物质组成。岩石圈根部拆沉和软流圈地幔上涌过程中生成了黄山东岩体。富铁硅酸盐的分离结晶作用对硫化物富集并分凝起到了关键性作用,成矿过程应该是岩浆自身演化过程的有机组成部分。     

云南牟定二台坡岩体中钪的发现及其意义

二台坡岩体赋存低品位小型铁矿床,然其伴生稀贵金属元素钪已达特大型矿床工业指标。钪主要赋存于磁铁辉石岩相及含杆辉岩相中,载体矿物是钛磁铁矿、钛普通辉石及钛铁矿。钪是岩浆早期结晶分异、熔离的产物。元谋牟定地区是找矿远景区。