Factors influencing the height of Hawaiian lava fountains: implications for the use of fountain height as an indicator of magma gas content

The heights of lava fountains formed in Hawaiian-style eruptions are controlled by magma gas content, volume flux and the amounts of lava re-entrainment and gas bubble coalescence. Theoretical models of lava fountaining are used to analyse data on lava fountain height variations collected during the 1983–1986 Pu'u 'O'o vent of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii. The results show that the variable fountain heights can be largely explained by the impact of variations in volume flux and amount of lava re-entrainment on erupting magmas with a constant gas content of 0.32 wt.% H₂O. However, the gas content of the magma apparently declined by 0.05 wt.% during the last 10 episodes of the eruption series and this decline is attributed to more extensive pre-eruption degassing due to a shallowing of the sub-vent feeder dike. It is concluded that variations in lava fountain height cannot be simply interpreted as variations in gas content, as has previously been suggested, but that fountain height can still be a useful guide to minimum gas contents. Where sufficient data are available on eruptive volume fluxes and extent of lava entrainment, greatly improved estimates can be made of magma gas content from lava fountain height.     

Temporal variations in gravity at Mt. Etna (Italy) associated with the 1989 and 1991 eruptions

 Results are presented from 11 microgravity surveys on Mt. Etna between 1987 and 1993, a period including the major 1989 and 1991–1993 flank eruptions and subordinate 1990 activity. Measurements were made with LaCoste and Romberg D-62 and D-157 gravity meters along a network around the volcano between 1000 and 1900 m a.s.l. and, since 1992, a N–S summit profile. Gravity changes of as much as 200 μGal were observed at scales from the size of the summit region to that of the volcano. None was associated with significant changes in ground elevation. The data show an increase in gravity for 2 years before the 1989 eruption. The increase is attributed to the accumulation of magma (0.25–1.7×10⁹m³) in an elongate zone, oriented NNW–SSE, between 2.5 and 6 km below sea level. Part of this magma was injected into the volcanic pile to supply the 1989 and 1990 eruptions. It also probably fed the start of the 1991–1993 eruption, since this event was not preceded by significant gravity changes. A large gravity increase (up to 140 μGal) detected across the volcano between June and September 1992 is consistent with the arrival in the accumulation zone of 0.32–2.2×10⁹m³ of new magma, thus favoring continued flank effusion until 1993. A large gravity decrease (200 μGal) in the summit region marked the closing stages of the 1991–1993 event and is associated with magma drainage from the upper levels of Etna's central feeding system. Received: 15 July 1995 / Accepted: 27 October 1997     

Extreme Nd isotope homogeneity in a large rhyolitic province: the Estérel massif, southeast France

 Previous detailed studies of large rhyolite bodies propose that their elemental and isotopic characteristics were largely acquired in shallow crustal magma chambers. This model explains the common chemical and isotopic zonations of large volumes of rhyolites as well as the less common chemical and isotopic homogeneity of such bodies. We report an intermediate situation (the Estérel massif, southeast France) in which chemical variations contrast with Nd-isotope homogeneity. We thus infer that, in this case, large volumes of rhyolite resided for enough time in shallow magma chambers to develop chemical zonations through differentiation, but this process was not accompanied by crustal assimilation. The subordinate amount of mafic rocks cropping out in the Estérel probably evolved from basalt to trachyte through assimilation and fractional crystallization. The relatively radiogenic Nd-isotope signatures of the rhyolite compared with the Hercynian crust show that it cannot have been generated by partial melting of exposed basement rocks. Several geological similarities with large rhyolitic provinces could suggest that the rhyolite was purely mantle derived or, alternatively, generated by partial melting of an ad hoc crustal component. However, mineralogical, geochemical, and geodynamic connections between the Estérel rhyolite and the hypersolvus anorogenic granites of Corsica, as well as the extreme Nd-isotope homogeneity of the rhyolite, lead us to propose that the rhyolite was generated by mixing between mantle-derived magmas and a mafic lower crust. This scenario accounts for the relatively radiogenic Nd-isotope signatures of the rhyolite compared with the Hercynian crust. The good Nd-isotope homogeneity observed in the rhyolite implies that the mixing process, which occurred in the deep crust, was complete and provided a shallow magma chamber with isotopically and probably chemically homogeneous magmas. Received: 5 December 1997 / Accepted: 16 June 1998     

K–Ar geochronology of a Quaternary monogenetic volcano group in Ojika Jima District, Southwest Japan

 An unspiked K–Ar dating method using a mass-fractionation correction procedure was applied to a Quaternary independent group of monogenetic volcanoes, Ojikajima Volcano Group, located in northwestern Kyushu in Southwest Japan, in order to clarify in detail secular variations in eruptive volume, locations of eruptive vents, and magma compositions in a single monogenetic volcano group. The major results were as follows: (a) K–Ar ages of monogenetic volcanoes distribute from 1.08 to 0.30 Ma, with voluminous peaks at approximately 1.0 and 0.6 Ma. (b) The volcanic activity commenced in the central part of the field, expanded to the whole field at approximately 0.6 Ma, and then shrank to the central area. (3) Concentrations of incompatible elements, such as Ba, K, and Nb, increase with decreasing age, whereas P, Y, and Zr concentrations remain constant. These concentrations suggest gradual decrease in the degree of partial melting from an identical mantle source with residual garnet. Received: 15 December 1997 / Accepted: 23 May 1998     

火山与地震的共性特征及有关问题讨论

对火山与地震及其伴随现象进行了对比分析,发现二者除外在形式不同外,在分布范围、深部构造及其它方面具有明显的共性特征．讨论了火山与地震具有共性特征的原因,认为它们都与岩浆活动有关．因此,内陆地震的发生有可能是地壳内岩浆上涌的直接结果     

中国铜镍硫化物矿床类型及控矿条件

中国铜镍硫化物矿床控制的关键因素是岩浆岩岩石组合和构造环境,并以此作为划分矿床类型的依据。划分为过渡带内、地槽区内和与火山活动有关的侵入体类矿床三大类和１６种岩石组合类型。并从大地构造环境、深（大）断裂、成岩时代、复式岩体、岩石组合、岩体规模产状、岩石化学、稀土元素、岩体分异程度、造岩矿物和岩石蚀变等１０个方面,论述对铜镍硫化物矿床的控制作用。     

Orthopyroxene minettes and lamproites: their status and genetic significance

Orthopyroxene is a normal if rare, constituent of some minettes and lamproites. It is sometimes partly xenocrystic, but mostly authigenic, i.e. separated directly from lamprophyric magmas, as can be shown when orthopyroxene lamprophyres are compared with the experimental phase diagrams of appropriate systems. The orthopyroxene-bearing lamprophyres represent modified mantle-derived magmas characterized by a high MgO, high SiO₂ speciation which was acquired in different ways in individual regions. The crystallization of orthopyroxene lamprophyres was not controlled by particular pressure — temperature conditions. Compared with clinopyroxene potassic lamprophyres the orthopyroxene lamprophyres represent more primitive magmas. Orthopyroxene minettes can also be altered by a post-magmatic hydrothermal inflow, which occasionally increases their CaO content to the level normal in clinopyroxene minettes. If this had happened before magma consolidation, clinopyroxene instead of orthopyroxene would have crystallized. Orthopyroxene minettes are well defined mineralogically and chemically and may be related to other types in the minette series.     

Magma-reservoir crystallization processes: small-scale dikes in cumulate gabbros, Mauna Kea Volcano, Hawaii

 Gabbroic xenoliths that represent cumulate environments within Mauna Kea Volcano are, in rare examples, penetrated by small-scale (<7 cm) dikes. We examined four dike/host composite xenoliths to establish how this evidence for magma seemingly injected into cumulate gabbro fits into the evolution of igneous processes in shield volcano magma reservoirs. Olivine, clinopyroxene, and plagioclase compositions in both host gabbros and dikes are characteristically tholeiitic and evolved (Fo_71–66, cpx-Mg # 79–77, An_72–51) with respect to Hawaiian magmatism. Dikes, however, when compared with their host gabbros, have slightly greater abundances of some incompatible elements and slightly more evolved olivine compositions (e.g., Fo₆₈ vs Fo₇₁₎. Compared with Mauna Kea lava compositions, both host gabbros and dikes have lower incompatible-element abundances, positive Eu anomalies, and, notable for dikes, major-element compositions unlike those of lavas (e.g., SiO₂<46 wt.%). The small-scale dikes, therefore, also have cumulate characteristics. We interpret them as representing late-stage liquids (e.g., <5 wt.% MgO, based on <Fo₇₀) "squeezed" from solidifying cumulus piles of evolved (e.g., ∼Fo₇₀) gabbroic assemblages. The compositions of the dikes, however, do not match those of the most evolved liquids expected in reservoirs because they appear to have lost interstitial liquids (e.g., positive Eu anomalies, low abundances of some trace elements). Because minerals in the dikes were in equilibrium with highly evolved liquids, conditions for small-scale dike formation in cumulate environments apparently occur only at the last stages of reservoir magma differentiation and solidification. Received: 25 February 1997 / Accepted: 14 June 1997     

Magnetic fabrics and rock magnetism of Archaean and Proterozoic dike swarms in the southern São Francisco Craton, Brazil

Magnetic fabric and rock magnetism studies were performed on three mafic dike swarms (total of 38 dikes) from the southernmost part of the São Francisco Craton (SFC) (Minas Gerais State, SE Brazil). They cut Archaean granite–gneiss–migmatite and paleoprototerozoic terranes. These swarms are classified as basic–noritic (Sm–Nd age  2.65 Ga), basic (Rb–Sr age  1.87 Ga) and metamorphic (Rb–Sr age  1.87 Ga) suites, in which the second is the most important. Magnetic fabrics were determined by applying both anisotropy of low-field magnetic susceptibility (AMS) and anisotropy of anhysteretic remanent magnetization (AARM). In most sites magnetic susceptibility is dominantly carried by ferromagnetic minerals, however, in some sites the paramagnetic contribution exceeds 70% of bulk susceptibility. Mainly coarse to fine-grained Ti-poor titanomagnetite up to pure magnetite carry the magnetic fabrics.Three primary AMS fabrics are recognized which are all coaxial with the AARM fabric. Normal AMS fabric is dominant in the basic suite (16 of 20 analyzed dikes) and occurs in 4 and 3 dikes from the basic–noritic and metamorphic suites, respectively. This fabric is interpreted as a result of magma flow in which the analysis of K_max inclination permitted to infer that the majority of dikes were fed by inclined flows (30° < K_max < 60°), although 44% of dikes from the basic suite were fed by horizontal or sub-horizontal flows (K_max < 30°). Intermediate AMS fabric was found in 50% of dikes from the basic–noritic and metamorphic suites, but in only 2 dikes from the basic suite. It is interpreted as due to vertical compaction of a static magma column with the minimum stress along the dike strike. Inverse AMS fabric is a minority (2 dikes from each suite). The parallelism between AMS and AARM tensors for dikes with abnormal fabrics suggests a primary origin for them. Gyroremanent magnetization (GRM) effect was negligible for the majority of dikes, but it was found in two dikes from the basic suite with normal AMS fabric.Magnetic fabrics recognized for the three studied swarms do not depend on magnetic mineralogy, geochemical composition, dike strikes, nor the age of the swarms since the same magnetic minerals and magnetic fabric types are found in dikes from all suites. Inclined and horizontal flows allow us to infer the relative position of at least three magma sources (or magma chambers) from which the dikes were fed.     

岩浆热场与热液多金属成矿作用

岩浆热场指的是很短时间内一个局部地区出现的岩浆活动使该区域地热梯度明显上升,形成局部区域的瞬间热场。热场的规模通常很小,离岩体约几米至几千米。范围、规模和形状与侵入体的温度、成分、形态、大小、侵入深度以及流体、构造、围岩性质等有关。岩浆热场最重要的意义在于它是流体赖以上升的场所。岩浆热场不同于地热场的一个重要区别是,岩浆热场往往伴有流体的活动,是流体循环、上升、汲取地壳中有用金属元素的场所。文中讨论了岩浆热场与热液多金属成矿之间的关系,讨论了岩浆热场在岩浆热液矿床、热泉型矿床、热水沉积矿床以及变质热液矿床成矿过程中的作用。岩浆热场对于热液多金属成矿作用的影响是非常明显的,它从一个新的角度解释了成矿为什么是多金属、多成因、多来源等问题。文中强调指出,岩浆热场说解释了为什么大规模岩浆活动与大规模成矿作用密切相关,指出大规模岩浆活动产生的热效应不是1+1=2,而是1+12的效果。即它可以在一个局部范围内把岩浆热场从一个开放体系变为封闭体系,在这个封闭体系内,固岩可以达到更高的温度,热可以持续更长的时间,促进热场范围内流体的对流循环,使流体可以从围岩中汲取尽可能多的有用金属元素,起到单个岩浆无法比拟的效果。许多大型一超大型的多金属矿床即可能与这种作用有关。从热场说角度来看,大规模岩浆活动的成矿潜力几乎是无可限量的。文中还讨论了岩浆热场说的原理及应用中存在的问题,指出岩浆热场说与成矿的关系非常值得关注,它也许可以改变目前对成矿作用的某些固有认识,开拓出一个新领域。