介绍一种寻找隐伏岩体的好方法:岩浆热场法

隐伏岩体对于热液矿床找矿是非常重要的。寻找隐伏岩体的方法很多,其中以物探(磁法、电法、重力、地震等)方法应用得最广泛、效果最好。本文介绍的岩浆热场法,是专门寻找隐伏岩体的方法。岩浆热场法是地球物理方法的一种,它以感知温度场的差别为目的,没有多解性是它最大的优点。它以岩浆热场理论为基础,以各种能够恢复古温度场的方法为手段。能够感知岩浆热场温度的方法很多,本文介绍了其中的五种:接触变质带法、煤质和煤级法、伊利石结晶度法、牙形石色变度法和镜质体反射率法等。接触变质带是岩浆热场直接的具体的体现,传统的接触变质带范围有限(一般不超过1km)。但是,如果考虑到极低级变质作用,将大大扩展接触变质带的范围(达6~8km)。煤质和煤级是煤田地质部门应用得非常娴熟的方法,中国无烟煤分布区大多与岩浆热场有关,是隐伏岩体的良好指示剂。伊利石结晶度、牙形石色变度和镜质体反射率法是极低级变质作用研究中非常重要的三个指标。在上述各种方法中,笔者推荐镜质体反射率方法。该方法具有简单、精确、适用、经济、快速的特点。与物探方法比较,该方法有很多优点,但也有其局限性。如果能够将该方法从煤田和石油部门移植到岩石学和矿床学部门,与磁法、电法、重力法配合使用,可以提高寻找隐伏岩体的效果。     

新疆富蕴县希勒库都克钼铜矿区岩浆活动特征及其对区域晚-后碰撞构造演化的制约

新疆北部地区不同地体间的碰撞时间与碰撞过程的成矿作用是中亚造山带与成矿研究的热点问题。对于新疆北部地区是否存在晚碰撞岩浆活动、碰撞与后碰撞的转化时间及转化过程中的岩浆活动与成矿作用特征尚不清楚。本文报道了新疆东准噶尔希勒库都克钼铜矿区岩浆演化的研究成果。矿区存在3期岩浆活动形成4种岩石类型,依次为340Ma的闪长玢岩、328Ma的二长花岗岩与325Ma的花岗斑岩、315Ma石英斑岩。4种岩石均具高钾钙碱性特征。闪长玢岩形成于碰撞晚期环境,具有典型的岛弧地球化学特征,属准铝质岩石,无铕异常,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti,无P亏损;二长花岗岩、花岗斑岩形成于后碰撞早期环境,其中二长花岗岩具有弧与后碰撞过渡的地球化学特征,属弱过铝质岩石,弱正铕异常,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti,P中等程度亏损;花岗斑岩具有不典型后碰撞的地球化学特征,属弱过铝质岩石,负铕异常,明显亏损Nb、Ta、Ti,较强P亏损;石英斑岩形成于后碰撞伸展阶段并具有后碰撞的地球化学特征,属弱过铝质岩石、负铕异常,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti,强P亏损。矿区侵入岩具有较低的(87Sr/86Sr)i初始值(0.702976~0.704306)和相对较高的εNd(t)值(+5.8~+6.8),模式年龄(tDM)为524~588Ma,其可能主要源于早古生代洋壳的部分熔融。建立了萨吾尔岛弧晚古生代的构造演化模式及成岩、成矿过程,认为萨吾尔岛弧在晚古生代经历了俯冲期(400~370Ma)、主碰撞期(360~340Ma)、碰撞晚期(340~330Ma)、后碰撞早期(330~320Ma)以及后碰撞伸展阶段(320~280Ma)五个阶段。     

Thermal structure and energy of the Hakone volcano,Japan

The thermal energy balance and the temperature profile of the Hakone volcano are considered quantitatively. Across the Hakone volcano and its surroundings the heat flow values vary from 10^–1 to 10³ mW/m², due to thermal conduction and mass flow involving volcanic steam and hot spring discharge. An area with extremely low heat flow is observed in the western side of the caldera showing the presence of percolating meteoric water. The hydrothermal activity is intense in the eastern half of the caldera.The total heat discharge from the high temperature zone (discharge area) of the Hakone volcano amounts to 11.0×10⁷ W. The magmatic steam energy discharge is 95.0×10⁶ W. The thermal energy by redistribution of the terrestrial heat flow by the lateral deep ground water flow is calculated to be 9.00×10⁶ W. For the model having the vertical vent in the volcano's central part up to 1 km depth below the ground surface from a magma reservoir the computed temperature distribution is consistent with the observed values. The depth of the magma reservoir is 7 km below the ground surface and the diameter is 5 km.     

Chemical stratigraphy of the Paraná lavas (South America): classification of magma types and their spatial distribution

A new classification scheme has been developed to assign the lava flows of the Paraná continental flood basalt province (South America) into geochemically distinct magma types, with six basaltic major and trace element abundances and/or ratios. By mapping out the spatial distribution of these magma types within the lava sequences, it has been possible to determine the internal stratigraphy of the lava pile on a regional scale. Previous studies on road profiles traversing the well-exposed coastal Serra Geral escarpment of southern Brazil are summarised together with results from some new sampled sections. More widespread stratigraphical investigations of the Paraná lavas have been hampered by the lack of sufficient topographic relief and the cover of sedimentary rocks. However, access to drill-core chippings from nine boreholes in the central Paraná region has provided a unique opportunity to investigate the stratigraphy of the otherwise inaccessible deeper levels of the lava pile and to map out stratigraphic variations in three dimensions. The borehole samples have indicated cated a stacking of units of different magma types all overlapping towards the north, which suggests that the main locus of magmatism moved northwards with time within the Paraná basin. This migration could be related to the northward propagation of rifting during the initiation of the South Atlantic Ocean. Maps of the surface distribution of samples of each magma type show a pattern consistent with the stratigraphy inferred from the boreholes, although suggesting that the shift in magmatism may have been towards the northwest. On the basis of geochemical similarities between magma types and their inferred stratigraphical relationships, it is proposed that the Paraná can be divided into two principal magmatic centres: (1) an older one in the south, comprising the Gramado, Esmeralda and Urubici magma types; and (2) a younger one, developed about 750 km to the north, formed by the Pitanga, Paranapanema and Ribeira magma types.     

钛铁氧化物的D、S、H值在中性—酸性火成岩研究中的意义

根据对美国西部和我国东部一些岩体中钛铁氧化物的显微镜下统计测量和黑云母成分的电子探针分析结果,中性火成岩和Ⅰ型花岗岩中钛铁氧化物的平均粒度(S值)、分布密度(D值)和分布均匀度(H值)在一定程度上与岩浆成分及其结晶过程的物理化学条件(如温度、压力、水逸度、特别是氧逸度等)有关。据此,可将Ⅰ型花岗岩分为HD、MD、MLD和LD四种亚类。与斑岩铜矿及石英二长斑岩型斑岩钼矿有关的Ⅰ型花岗岩和与克莱麦克思型斑岩钼矿、斑岩钨矿和斑岩锡矿有关的Ⅰ型花岗岩二者的钛铁氧化物的S、D、H值亦有明显差别。     

Factors influencing the height of Hawaiian lava fountains: implications for the use of fountain height as an indicator of magma gas content

The heights of lava fountains formed in Hawaiian-style eruptions are controlled by magma gas content, volume flux and the amounts of lava re-entrainment and gas bubble coalescence. Theoretical models of lava fountaining are used to analyse data on lava fountain height variations collected during the 1983–1986 Pu'u 'O'o vent of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii. The results show that the variable fountain heights can be largely explained by the impact of variations in volume flux and amount of lava re-entrainment on erupting magmas with a constant gas content of 0.32 wt.% H₂O. However, the gas content of the magma apparently declined by 0.05 wt.% during the last 10 episodes of the eruption series and this decline is attributed to more extensive pre-eruption degassing due to a shallowing of the sub-vent feeder dike. It is concluded that variations in lava fountain height cannot be simply interpreted as variations in gas content, as has previously been suggested, but that fountain height can still be a useful guide to minimum gas contents. Where sufficient data are available on eruptive volume fluxes and extent of lava entrainment, greatly improved estimates can be made of magma gas content from lava fountain height.     

Magma-reservoir crystallization processes: small-scale dikes in cumulate gabbros, Mauna Kea Volcano, Hawaii

 Gabbroic xenoliths that represent cumulate environments within Mauna Kea Volcano are, in rare examples, penetrated by small-scale (<7 cm) dikes. We examined four dike/host composite xenoliths to establish how this evidence for magma seemingly injected into cumulate gabbro fits into the evolution of igneous processes in shield volcano magma reservoirs. Olivine, clinopyroxene, and plagioclase compositions in both host gabbros and dikes are characteristically tholeiitic and evolved (Fo_71–66, cpx-Mg # 79–77, An_72–51) with respect to Hawaiian magmatism. Dikes, however, when compared with their host gabbros, have slightly greater abundances of some incompatible elements and slightly more evolved olivine compositions (e.g., Fo₆₈ vs Fo₇₁₎. Compared with Mauna Kea lava compositions, both host gabbros and dikes have lower incompatible-element abundances, positive Eu anomalies, and, notable for dikes, major-element compositions unlike those of lavas (e.g., SiO₂<46 wt.%). The small-scale dikes, therefore, also have cumulate characteristics. We interpret them as representing late-stage liquids (e.g., <5 wt.% MgO, based on <Fo₇₀) "squeezed" from solidifying cumulus piles of evolved (e.g., ∼Fo₇₀) gabbroic assemblages. The compositions of the dikes, however, do not match those of the most evolved liquids expected in reservoirs because they appear to have lost interstitial liquids (e.g., positive Eu anomalies, low abundances of some trace elements). Because minerals in the dikes were in equilibrium with highly evolved liquids, conditions for small-scale dike formation in cumulate environments apparently occur only at the last stages of reservoir magma differentiation and solidification. Received: 25 February 1997 / Accepted: 14 June 1997     

Deciphering viscous flow of frictional melts with the mini-AMS method

The anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) is widely used to analyze magmatic flow in intrusive igneous bodies including plutons, sills and dikes. This method, owing its success to the rapid nature of measurements, provides a proxy for the orientation of markers with shape anisotropy that flow and align in a viscous medium. AMS specimens typically are 25 mm diameter right cylinders or 20 mm on-a-side cubes, representing a volume deemed statistically representative. Here, we present new AMS results, based on significantly smaller cubic specimens, which are 3.5 mm on a side, hence∼250 times volumetrically smaller than conventional specimens. We show that, in the case of frictional melts, which inherently have an extremely small grain size, this small volume is in most cases sufficient to characterize the pseudotachylyte fabric, particularly when magnetite is present. Further, we demonstrate that the mini-AMS method provides new opportunities to investigate the details of frictional melt flow in these coseismic miniature melt bodies. This new method offers significant potential to investigate frictional melt flow in pseudotachylyte veins including contributions to the lubrication of faults at shallow to moderate depths.     

Variable parent magmas and recharge regimes of the Parinacota magma system (N. Chile) revealed by Fe, Mg and Sr zoning in plagioclase

Zoning patterns of An content and Fe, Mg and Sr concentrations in plagioclase phenocrysts in andesites from Parinacota Volcano (N. Chile) reflect alternating recharge events with two chemically distinct mafic magmas. These magmas are characterized by low and high Sr contents, similar to two recent mafic flank eruptions. One end-member basaltic andesite shows large Sr enrichment and Heavy Rare Earth depletions and thus equilibrated with lower-crustal rocks at depth where plagioclase (high Sr) is unstable, and garnet (high HREE, Y) is stable. A second end-member magma is lower in Sr, Ba contents and has REE patterns typical for parent magmas elsewhere in the Central Andes.

The number of recorded recharge events increases after a catastrophic sector collapse and during the subsequent rebuilding of the stratocone. Variations of An, Fe and Mg contents and morphology of zones suggest also changes in water pressure, including decompression under water under-saturated and water-saturated conditions. Evidence for decompression is more present in post-collapse samples, suggesting that the change in the volcano dynamics involves changes in magma chamber location. This shows the importance of the cone collapse event in the volcano's magmatic evolution. We propose that both end-members are only seen at the surface of Parinacota Volcano because of the particular dynamics of this volcanic system and that similar processes might occur in other volcanic centres of the Central Volcanic Zone.     

The mechanics of a magma chamber-fault system in trans-tension with application to Coso

The mechanical interaction between an elliptically shaped magma chamber and a fault subject to transtension is investigated with particular reference to the Coso geothermal field. The geologic setting of the Coso field is interpreted as a releasing bend step-over structure formed by the Airport Lake and Owens Valley dextral strike-slip fault system. The role of the Coso volcano-magmatic center in the development of the “over-step” structure is examined by treating the magma chamber as a liquid inclusion in a viscoelastic crust containing a fault (Airport Lake). The problem is numerically solved using a 2D viscoelastic finite element model with thermally activated viscosity to account for thermal weakening of the rock. The temperature distribution around the magma body is calculated based on a 3D steady-state approach and using the mesh-less numerical method. The fault is modeled as a frictionless contact. The simulated distributions of stress and strain around the inclusion display a rotation caused by the shearing component of the applied transtension. The results indicate that the fault tends to overstep the chamber in a geometric pattern similar to a step-over. There is good correspondence between the computed distributions of the maximum shear stress in the vicinity of the magma chamber and the map of earthquake epicenters at a depth of 7–10 km in Coso.