Changes of acoustic emission and strain in hard coal during gas sorption–desorption cycles

The cylindrical coal samples were subjected to three successive cycles of sorption–desorption processes of a single gas (CO₂, CH₄). Acoustic emission (AE) and strains were simultaneously recorded during the sorption and desorption processes.Tests were conducted on medium-rank coal from the Upper Silesia Basin, Poland. Follow-up tests for gas sorption–desorption consistently showed significant changes of AE characteristics for re-runs on the same sample. The AE level decreased in each successive test. The most spectacular differences were observed between AE generated during the first cycle of gas sorption and the subsequent cycle. This phenomenon could be due to structural changes in the coal taking place substantially on its first exposure to the sorbate. The AE results indicate, that each cycle of gas sorption–desorption was run on the same coal though with a somewhat different structure.In those tests, the swelling of coal by CO₂ or/and CH₄ was anisotropic (greater in the direction perpendicular to the bedding plane than parallel) in each cycle of the gas sorption–desorption process.     

引水隧洞膨胀性围岩的稳定性分析

膨胀岩在实际工程中通常表现为围岩随时间的推移大量向洞室内塑性挤出或底板大量隆起,最终导致洞室支护和围岩产生裂损或破坏。山西万家寨引黄入晋工程南干线7号隧洞地层特点除砂岩与泥岩互层外,膨胀岩共有3～4层,且斜穿隧道。通过对隧洞开挖及支护过程应用考虑膨胀岩影响的粘弹塑性有限元进行分析,得出膨胀围岩对隧洞及支护结构的受力及稳定性的影响。建议在通水运行过程中密切监测其变形、应力应变、渗透压及外水压力的变化规律,以确保工程的安全运行。     

液体对土工织物膨润土垫膨胀性和渗透性的影响

近年来土工织物膨润土垫（GCL）被越来越多地应用到各种防渗工程中,它的膨胀性和渗透性也成为了设计人员和研究人员所关注的焦点。通过水化膨胀试验、自由膨胀试验和渗透试验,研究了液体对GCL膨胀性能和渗透性能的影响以及膨胀性和渗透性之间存在的相关关系。试验结果表明, 水化液和渗透液的种类对GCL的膨胀性和渗透性有很大影响,其影响分别为：(1) 水化液相同时,渗透液的种类对GCL的渗透系数有影响,而渗透液相同时,水化液的种类对GCL的渗透系数也有影响;(2) GCL的水化膨胀量和渗透系数之间存在相关关系,水化膨胀量越大,渗透系数就越低;(3) GCL中膨润土的自由膨胀量和GCL的渗透系数之间也存在相关关系,自由膨胀量越大,GCL的渗透系数就越低。     

膨胀土的强度特性研究

研究了膨胀土的强度指标c,?与含水量?、干密度 及饱和度sr的关系,以及强度与膨胀压力p之间的关系,结果表明：c,tan?和 ,sr,?的关系与膨胀压力p和 ,sr,?的关系相似;任何状态的膨胀土的强度,皆可表示为饱和状态的强度和吸力引起的,并可用不同状态土的膨胀压力表示的附加强度两部份。     

大气能量传播及不同纬度间大气相互作用的研究进展

早期的理论分析认为大气中临界纬度的存在使得热带-热带外的大气活动互不影响。然而,大量的观测事实表明中低纬度大气运动存在着明显的动力联系。为了帮助人们更好地理解大气中的遥相关现象,在大量文献的基础上,综述了几种波能量传播理论:(1) 大圆理论指出了罗斯贝波在球形大气中的传播特征;(2) 西风通道理论发现了中纬度瞬变扰动越赤道传播的“走廊”;(3) 能量堆积-波列发射理论揭示了热带扰动影响到更高纬度大气活动的可能过程;(4) 赤道波侧向膨胀理论则利用转折纬度的概念更进一步解释了这种中低纬度大气相互作用的物理机制;(5) 经向基本流理论则认为在一定的条件下定常波可以穿过热带东风带传播到另一半球。此外,文中还回顾了在波-流相互作用诊断方面的研究进展,尤其是关于罗斯贝波、惯性重力波和赤道开尔文波。大气能量的经向传播具有显著的年变化和年际变化,这与ENSO、西风急流、大洋中部槽等的变化密切相关。     

弱膨胀土浸水变形特性及其预测

对取自江苏省淮安市的膨胀土进行了浸水后的膨胀变形和压缩变形试验。在竖向压力25~800 k Pa范围下,研究了不同初始含水率和初始干密度对浸水膨胀变形特性的影响。结果表明:浸水饱和膨胀变形量主要取决于初始干密度,且初始含水率也有一些影响;在相同的含水率下,膨胀变形量随着干密度的增加而增大;在相同干密度条件下,含水率越大,浸水膨胀变形量略微减小。根据各组的固结状态线和浸水饱和膨胀后状态线的交点,得出了介于浸水膨胀和浸水压缩的分界状态线,此线基本上不受初始含水率的影响,进而可以判定不同孔隙比、不同竖向压力下土样处于浸水膨胀还是压缩。最后,基于浸水变形试验结果,提出了一种简便的预测弱膨胀土在不同竖向压力下膨胀变形量的方法。     

Impact of transition from local swelling to macro swelling on the evolution of coal permeability

Laboratory observations have shown that coal permeability under the influence of gas adsorption can change instantaneously from reduction to enhancement. It is commonly believed that this instantaneous switching of permeability is due to the fact that the matrix swelling ultimately ceases at higher pressures and the influence of effective stresses take over. In this study, our previously-developed poroelastic model is used to uncover the true reason why coal permeability switches from reduction to enhancement. This goal is achieved through explicit simulations of the dynamic interactions between coal matrix swelling/shrinking and fracture aperture alteration, and translations of these interactions to perrmeability evolution under unconstrained swellings. Our results of this study have revealed the transition of coal matrix swelling from local swelling to macro-swelling as a novel mechanism for this switching. Our specific findings include: (1) at the initial stage of CO₂ injection, matrix swelling is localized within the vicinity of the fracture compartment. As the injection continues, the swelling zone is extending further into the matrix and becomes macro-swelling. Matrix properties control the swelling transition from local swelling to macro swelling; (2) matrix swelling processes control the evolution of coal permeability. When the swelling is localized, coal permeability is controlled by the internal fracture boundary condition and behaves volumetrically; when the swelling becomes macro-swelling, coal permeability is controlled by the external boundary condition and behaves non-volumetrically; and (3) matrix properties control the switch from local swelling to macro swelling and the associated switch in permeability behavior from reduction to recovery. Based on these findings, a permeability switching model has been proposed to represent the evolution of coal permeability under variable stress conditions. This model is verified against our experimental data. It is found that the model predictions are consistent with typical laboratory and in-situ observations available in lietratures.     

蒙脱石与不同浓度KOH溶液作用反应产物的矿物学特征分析

蒙脱石具有强烈亲水性,遇水体积可膨胀至原体积的数倍甚至数十倍,从而造成油气储层的水敏损害,但在强碱条件下蒙脱石可发生结构变化与物相转变,从而使其亲水性降低。本文具体探讨了天然钠基蒙脱石在80℃,0.1 M KOH、0.5 M KOH、1 M KOH溶液中所发生的碱溶反应;并通过XRD、SEM、EDAX等测试手段分析发现,碱溶相变的发生与碱溶液浓度及反应温度密切相关;碱溶相变最终产物主要是微米级纤维状、柱状、颗粒状的菱沸石和麦钾沸石,均为不具膨胀性的架状硅酸盐矿物;最后通过自由膨胀实验证实蒙脱石碱溶产物膨胀性较原矿物显著降低。     

水化学性质对蒙脱石悬浮液膨胀性的影响

实验研究了NaOH、HCl、NaCl和CaCl2等电解质加入量对蒙脱石悬浮液膨胀性的影响,并通过离子色谱、体视显微镜和激光粒度分析技术,研究了蒙脱石粒度变化与体积膨胀之间的关系。实验结果表明,NaOH、HCl对蒙脱石悬浮液膨胀性影响不明显,而NaCl和CaCl2对蒙脱石悬浮液的膨胀有明显的抑制作用;而且CaCl2对蒙脱石膨胀的抑制作用明显强于NaCl,CaCl2浓度比NaCl少了1个数量级时即可达到相同的膨胀抑制效果。离子色谱分析显示,CaCl2溶液与蒙脱石混合后,悬浮液上清液中的Ca2+浓度减少,而Na+浓度增加,分析存在离子交换过程。经激光粒度分析仪和体视显微镜观察,电解质的加入使颗粒之间产生了团聚作用,改变了颗粒的粒径,从而在宏观上表现为蒙脱石悬浮液体积的减少。     

东营凹陷沙四段烃源岩留-排烃量的实验研究

东营凹陷沙四段是渤海湾盆地优质烃源岩层,具有丰富的油气资源。选取沙四段烃源岩,运用IH-Tmax图,进行了演化趋势分析。采用溶胀实验对烃源岩的留烃能力进行模拟研究,结合该地区的生烃特征和生烃过程,对沙四段留-排烃史进行了恢复。部分样品是由同一生烃母质演化而来的,而且随着成熟度不断增加,可以视为一自然演化剖面。留烃量模拟显示,随着成熟度的增加,溶胀比下降,留烃量随之降低,其中未成熟样品留烃能力最强。液态烃中各组分的留烃量也不同,饱和烃留烃量最低,最容易从烃源岩中排出,而NSOs留烃量最大。将留烃史与盆地生烃史结合,得到东营凹陷沙四段的整个留-排烃过程。建立了自然演化系列样品留烃量的实验与评价方法。