2011年7月七大江河流域气候特点及降水异常成因分析

利用国家气候中心723站降水和气温资料、JRA-25和NCEP/NCAR I再分析资料数据集、NOAA气候预测中心海温资料等,采用线性趋势、动力诊断、相关分析、小波分析等方法,开展2011年7月我国七大江河流域气候特点及其变化特征研究,揭示长江流域主汛期降水异常的可能机理。结果表明：2011年7月七大江河流域降水量总体偏少,长江流域降水属异常偏少;流域气温持续气候变暖特征,以松嫩流域异常偏暖最为显著。降水变化线性趋势显示：珠江流域和长江流域为线性增加型;淮河流域为基本不变型;辽河流域、海河流域、黄河流域和松嫩流域为线性减少型。但降水具有显著年际变化外,长江流域、淮河流域、海河流域、黄河流域等具有显著年代际变化周期。2011年7月长江流域降水异常偏少的主要原因：大气对赤道中东太平洋外强迫的响应持续着La Nina的形态;副热带高压异常活动与东亚南风环流强度指数偏弱;长江流域整层水汽收支显著亏损,降水效率低。     

长江中下游成矿带陆内斑岩型矿床的成岩成矿作用

陆内环境斑岩型矿床的发现对斑岩成矿理论的完善具有重要意义。长江中下游成矿带作为中国东部重要的陆内成矿带之一,成矿带内发育多个重要的斑岩型矿床,如铜山口Cu-Mo矿床、鸡冠嘴Cu-Au矿床、白云山Cu矿、城门山Cu-Mo矿床、武山Cu-Mo矿床、丰山洞Cu-Au矿床、丁家山Cu矿、洋鸡山Au矿、沙溪Cu-Au矿床、冬瓜山Cu-Au矿床、舒家店Cu矿床和安基山Cu矿床等。本文选取成矿带内典型的、具有代表性的斑岩型矿床,对其地质特征(地层、构造、含矿斑岩、脉体特征和围岩蚀变)、成岩成矿年代、成矿岩体的岩石化学和成岩成矿地球化学等方面的研究资料和成果进行了系统总结,讨论和试图阐明长江中下游成矿带陆内斑岩型矿床的成岩成矿作用与成矿模式。研究显示,长江中下游成矿带形成于燕山期陆内造山过程,成矿斑岩岩浆活动和成矿作用主要发生于149~105Ma之间,进一步可以分为早、中、晚三阶段:149~135Ma、133~125Ma和123~105Ma,三阶段岩浆活动和成矿作用主要发生于成矿带中的断隆区,早阶段(149~135Ma)和晚阶段(123~105Ma)多为斑岩-矽卡岩型矿化,中阶段(133~125Ma)矿化为典型的斑岩型矿化。长江中下游成矿带内斑岩型矿床的含矿斑岩为高钾钙碱性-钙碱性系列岩石,大部分具有埃达克岩的地球化学特征,可能为源自富集地幔的岩浆和加厚下地壳部分熔融的岩浆混合的产物,源自富集地幔的基性岩浆对成矿具有至关重要的作用,它的混入使得混合岩浆富水、硫和金属(Cu、Au)等。进一步通过与岩浆弧环境的斑岩型矿床对比研究发现,长江中下游成矿带斑岩型矿床一般不发育高级泥化岩帽(advanced argillic liithocaps)以及浅部的高-中硫矿化蚀变系统,含矿岩浆源区性质和成矿物质来源等与岩浆弧环境的斑岩型矿床明显不同。     

陆相火山-侵入岩有关的铁多金属矿成矿作用及矿床模型——以长江中下游为例

在长江中下游地区,与白垩纪陆相火山-侵入岩有关的铁多金属矿床在空间上绝大多数发育于白垩纪火山盆地,仅程潮和金山店出现于隆起区;成矿时间上分为两个时代,即133~130Ma和127~125Ma。按照成矿物质来源和成矿过程,鉴别出4个成矿系统:即在隆起区与石英闪长岩有关的矽卡岩铁矿(系统1);在火山盆地内,与大王山(或砖桥)旋回火山-次火山活动有关的铁多金属矿床(包括,磷灰石-磁铁矿型铁矿、类矽卡岩型铁矿、矿浆型铁矿、热液型硫铜金矿、热液型铅锌矿)(系统2)和与二长-正长岩有关的矽卡岩型铁矿(系统3);与娘娘山(或浮山)旋回火山-次火山活动有关的铜(金)矿和金铀矿(系统4)。盆地内和隆起区的矽卡岩型铁矿形成时间基本一致,略晚于与辉石闪长玢岩有关的铁多金属矿床(系统2), 但早于铜金铀为主的成矿系统4。前人以系统2中的磷灰石-磁铁矿型铁矿、类矽卡岩型铁矿和矿浆型铁矿为主,结合其他一些少见或不具工业意义的铁矿类型,提出一个具有广泛影响的玢岩铁矿成矿模式。此文以玢岩铁矿成矿模式为基础,结合4个成矿系统的基本特点,提出了白垩纪陆相火山-侵入岩有关的铁多金属矿床模型。以上这些具有成因联系的矿床系统和类型及其分带互为找矿标志。     

水工程建设对长江流域鱼类生物多样性的影响及其对策

长江流域鱼类种类丰富、资源量大、特有性高、经济种类多,其生物多样性具有重要的生态价值、经济价值和科学价值．流域内鱼类生物多样性由于面临河流梯级开发引起的洄游阻隔、生境破碎和水文情势等改变的严重威胁,种群下降趋势明显．为保护长江流域鱼类生物多样性,有必要更新水工程规划理念和设计技术,修建鱼道等必要过鱼设施,进行水库生态调度,建立鱼类自然保护区和建立生态补偿机制等．     

萨拉乌苏河流域萨拉乌苏组砂丘砂沉积特征

The Salawusu Formation of Milanggouwan section in Salawusu River Valley includes 7 layers of paleo-mobile dune sands, and 4 layers of paleo-fixed and semi-fixed dune sands. Their structures have been observed and their grain size, surface textural features and several main chemical elements have been analyzed. The results showed that： 1） Some of the aeolian structural characteristics of these dune sands are similar to that of the recent dune sands. 2） They are also similar to the recent dune sands in grain size components, and parameters of Mz,σ, Sk and Kg, as well as in several main chemical components. 3） The scattergrams of Mz-σ and SiO2-Al2O3＋TOFE and the probability curves of grain size showed that these paleo-dune sands are different from paleosols and fluvio-lacustrine facies, but are consistency with recent dune sands. 4） Quartz sands have well roundness and surface textural features such as dish-shaped pits, crescent-shaped pits, pockmarked pits, upturned cleavage plates, siliceous precipitates and siliceous crevasses, indicating that they had been carried for a long time by the wind. As the 11 layers of paleo-dune sands possess the aeolian characteristics in structure, grain size, surface textural features and chemical elements, the origin of their formation should be attributed to eolation.     

长江中下游成矿带及邻区Moho深度与成矿背景探讨

长江中下游成矿带是我国最主要的铜铁金多金属成矿带之一。本文利用卫星重力数据计算布格重力异常,采用波数域迭代的Parker-Oldenburg位场迭代反演方法,通过重力数据反演获得长江中下游成矿带及邻区的三维Moho面结构,结合研究区已有的研究成果,探讨了研究区的深部构造格局。研究结果表明:研究区范围内Moho面总体从南西往北东有逐渐变浅趋势,最浅处位于长江口海域和杭州湾海域约28~29km,最深处位于大别山区约38~39km;长江中下游及邻区下方Moho面的隆起形态呈"V"字型,与地表的"V"字型构造特征相呼应,Moho面隆起的最深处位于"V"字型转折端附近,向两侧Moho面呈抬升状,北东走向的"V"字型东支隆起幅度和规模都要明显大于北西走向的"V"字型西支;卫星化极磁异常显示长江中下游成矿带的正磁异常高值集中分布在"V"字型东支的宁芜、庐枞、繁昌、怀宁等火山岩盆地;钦杭成矿带东段Moho面也明显上隆,隆起的中心沿钦杭成矿带的南侧边界断裂的东南侧线性分布。长江中下游成矿带和钦杭成矿带东段的Moho面条带状隆起带可能指示了地幔上隆、岩浆上涌并在壳幔边界处与下地壳发生底侵作用的深部边界,来自于壳、幔的深部含矿岩浆通过深大断裂等地壳薄弱点向上运移,并在适当的位置形成金属矿集区。     

Hydrogeology of desert springs in the Panamint Range,California, USA: Geologic controls on the geochemical kinetics,flowpaths, and mean residence times of springs

Over 180 springs emerge in the Panamint Range near Death Valley National Park, CA, yet, these springs have received very little hydrogeological attention despite their cultural, historical, and ecological importance. Here, we address the following questions: (1) which rock units support groundwater flow to springs in the Panamint Range, (2) what are the geochemical kinetics of these aquifers, and (3) and what are the residence times of these springs? All springs are at least partly supported by recharge in and flow through dolomitic units, namely, the Noonday Dolomite, Kingston Peak Formation, and Johnnie Formation. Thus, the geochemical composition of springs can largely be explained by dedolomitization: the dissolution of dolomite and gypsum with concurrent precipitation of calcite. However, interactions with hydrothermal deposits have likely influenced the geochemical composition of Thorndike Spring, Uppermost Spring, Hanaupah Canyon springs, and Trail Canyon springs. Faults are important controls on spring emergence. Seventeen of twenty-one sampled springs emerge at faults (13 emerge at low-angle detachment faults). On the eastern side of the Panamint Range, springs emerge where low-angle faults intersect nearly vertical Late Proterozoic, Cambrian, and Ordovician sedimentary units. These geologic units are not present on the western side of the Panamint Range. Instead, springs on the west side emerge where low-angle faults intersect Cenozoic breccias and fanglomerates. Mean residence times of springs range from 33 (±30) to 1,829 (±613) years. A total of 11 springs have relatively short mean residence times less than 500 years, whereas seven springs have mean residence times greater than 1,000 years. We infer that the Panamint Range springs are extremely vulnerable to climate change due to their dependence on local recharge, disconnection from regional groundwater flow (Death Valley Regional Flow System - DVRFS), and relatively short mean residence times as compared with springs that are supported by the DVRFS (e.g., springs in Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge). In fact, four springs were not flowing during this campaign, yet they were flowing in the 1990s and 2000s.     

REGIONAL DIFFERENCES OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHANGJIANG RIVER VALLEY

ＲＥＧＩＯＮＡＬ ＤＩＦＦＥＲＥＮＣＥＳ ＯＦ ＥＣＯＮＯＭＩＣ ＤＥＶＥＬＯＰＭＥＮＴ ＯＦ ＴＨＥ ＣＨＡＮＧＪＩＡＮＧ ＲＩＶＥＲ ＶＡＬＬＥＹ ＣｈｅｎＧｕｏＪｉｅ（陈国阶）（ＣｈｅｎｇｄｕＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＭｏｕｎｔａｉｎＤｉｓａｓｔｅ...     

九寨沟的湖泊植被

九寨沟湖泊植被的特点是;湖泊植物区系属北温带植物区系的一部分;植物群落类型仅有挺水和沉水两大群落类型,群落生态系列极不完整;湖泊植被大体仍保持着自然性和原始性;植物群落生存的水深较大(种子植物可生长在水深6.0米处,轮藻群落可在水深11.0米的湖床上发育),本文对九寨沟13个湖泊植物群落的组成、结构进行了描述。     

自然环境高温对长江中下游地区中稻结实率的影响及模拟

利用长江中下游地区6个代表站2004—2011年中籼迟熟水稻品种区试资料及1984—2013年逐日最高气温资料,通过分析田间环境下逐日最高气温与水稻结实率的关系发现,长江中下游地区中稻高温敏感时段主要在水稻齐穗期前36天至齐穗期前4天。其中,齐穗期前14天左右(减数分裂期前后)高温对结实率的影响最为显著。在此基础上,利用水稻高温败育模型,根据各样本水稻减数分裂期逐日最高气温,实现研究区域站点尺度水稻高温败育的定量模拟预测。模型对高温年份2004年和2007年各站点水稻相对结实率模拟和预测的均方根误差分别为4.74%和2.84%。分析表明,利用基于水稻高温败育模型的定量模拟方法,可对长江中下游地区水稻高温热害情况进行较好预测。