山西省石炭系与二叠系界线

１８８２年李希霍芬在太原西山建立石炭系的太原系含煤建造以来，石炭系与二叠系的分界意见，归纳起来有三：①以Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｓｃｈｗａｇｅｒｉｎａ（ｓ．１）带之底为界，下面为石炭系，上面为二叠系；②以晋东南的灰白色“佳祥砂岩”与太原西山黄绿色“骆驼脖子砂岩”对比，砂岩底面为石炭系与二叠系的分界线，下面是石炭系山西组，上面是二叠系石盒子组，山西组的地层时代定为晚石炭世；③以晋东南灰白色第三砂岩（陵川砂岩）与太原西山“北岔沟砂岩”对比，砂岩底面为石炭系与二叠系的分界线，下面是石炭系太原组，上面是二叠系山西组，山西组的地层时代为早二叠世。笔者认为石炭系与二叠系的划分，以第③方案较适宜。     

冷岛效应的分析解

本文将冷岛视为一个负的扰动加热源,即冷源,用小扰动方法求出了冷岛效应的分析解,给出了解例,并与热岛效应的结果作了对比分析。     

A 16 ka climate record deduced from δ^13C and C/N ratio in Qinghai Lake sediments, northeastern Tibetan Plateau

1 INTRODUCTION δ13C in organic matters from lacustrine sedi- ments varies with several factors including aquatic plants, vegetation type in the catchment, atmos- pheric CO2 concentration, climate (temperature and precipitation), and properties of water, …     

乌鲁木齐霾天气PM10单颗粒物理化学特征

为了解乌鲁木齐冬季污染天气形成过程中大气颗粒物化学组分的变化,探讨霾天气快速形成的主要原因,应用扫描电镜/X射线能谱仪(SEM/EDX)对2013年2月乌鲁木齐东南郊一次典型霾天和正常天气所采集的大气颗粒物(PM₁₀)样品进行了微观形貌和化学组成的对比分析。结果表明:伴随着霾形成过程细粒子浓度呈现急剧上升趋势,PM_1.0/PM₁₀比值高达0.77。SEM/EDX观测显示,霾天形成前后,PM₁₀的形态结构和元素组成存在较明显的差异,霾天规则的石膏颗粒占规则颗粒的71.1%,明显高于正常天气,表明大气颗粒物的硫化现象比较普遍,大量硅铝酸盐飞灰说明采样点周边有较明显的燃煤源输送;二次无机颗粒组成主要为硫酸盐颗粒,由正常天气的16.1%增加到24.6%,高浓度硫酸盐与乌鲁木齐东南郊此次霾形成有密切的联系。     

近10年中国大气PM10污染时空格局演变

为分析近10 年来中国PM₁₀污染时空格局演变,运用统计学和GIS 方法对2002-2012 年PM₁₀监测数据进行分析,结果表明：① 地级及以上城市ρ（PM₁₀）年均值由0.130 mg·m^-3下降至0.076 mg·m^-3,达标城市比例由37.6%上升至92.0%;环保重点城市ρ（PM₁₀）日均值超标天数比例由24.7%下降至7.0%。② 12 月份PM₁₀污染最重,其次为1 月和11 月;8 月份污染最轻,其次为7 月和9 月。③ PM₁₀的重污染区域明显减小,由集中连片分布变为零星点状分布。但空间格局未发生明显变化,北方尤其是西北、华北地区及山东、江苏、湖北一直是PM₁₀污染相对严重地区。④ 北方地区PM₁₀污染重于南方地区,两者的差异主要发生在北方采暖期（1-4 月及11-12 月）。⑤ PM₁₀污染的改善主要体现在重污染城市的改善,1/10 左右的重污染城市对降低全国PM₁₀平均浓度的贡献约占1/3,而清洁城市PM₁₀污染则有加重趋势。⑥ 环保重点城市污染天气以轻度污染为主,占全部污染天数的80.4%。受沙尘天气影响,3、4 月份发生严重污染天气的比例较高。     

Estimating open boundary conditions from coastal tidal observations by adjoint approach

A numerical study for estimating the tidal open boundary conditions of a shelf current modrl from tb coastal tidal observations is presented. The method is based on the optimal control/adjoint method. A lrast square fitting of the model state to simulated data is used. Two ideal domains and coastlines are considered. Using the IAP shallow. water model and its adjoint model, some identical twin experiments are carried out to test efficiency and lirnilsd of the method. The results show that the adjoint method can efficiently estimate the open boundary conditions well for gulf/bay like domains. The adjoint method seems to have great potential to improve the accuracy of tide and shelf current modeling in coastal regions. Project supported hy the National Natural Science Fuundation of China (Grant No. 49376256)     

利用MODIS/LST产品分析基准气候站环境代表性

该文基于2001—2007年地表温度遥感反演产品 (MOD11A2),以基准气候站对其周围不同大小窗口内地表温度距平序列的解释方差作为度量,评估了我国142个基准气候站的环境代表性,并将代表性与土地覆盖和高程状况进行相关研究。结果显示:以解释方差大于0.75作为区分是否具有代表性的阈值,约41%的站点代表性较好,代表区域范围可超过51×51 km2,多分布于北方地区;约21%的站点代表性较差,代表区域范围不足7×7 km2,多分布于南方地区;其他代表区域范围居中的站点在南、北方均有分布;站点周围的土地覆盖多样性和地形起伏度与站点代表性存在负相关,且相关性随窗口的增大而加强。文中还评估了基准气候站对所属气候区的代表性,发现在气候特征复杂的西南地区和新疆部分地区,站点对气候区的代表性较差。     

低纬和中高纬度火山爆发与我国旱涝的联系

根据５００年旱涝等级资料，采用时序迭加方法，分析了低纬和中高纬火山爆发对我国降水的影响。此外，还对１６００－１９７９年南方涛动指数的变化进行了类似的分析。结果表明，低纬和中高纬火山爆发发后全国旱涝分布型和部分地区降水变化趋势有很大差异。爆发当年华北就可能明显变旱，而次年长江流域才出现明显的降水异常。计算不明，１９９１年皮纳图博火山及去仙岳火山爆发与江淮特大洪涝有直接联系的可能性不大。     

Ocean Model Open Boundary Conditions with Volume,Heat and Salinity Conservation Constraints简

Open boundary conditions （OBCs） for a regional ocean model that can be integrated stably over a long timeframe, as well as satisfy the volume, heat and salinity conservation constraints, were developed. First, the idea that the inward and outward flux information can be treated separately in the OBCs was adopted. Second, in order to maintain the property that the volume, heat and salinity remains conserved in the simulation domain, conservation constraints were added to the OBCs, and an inverse method utilized to solve the constraint equations. Ideal experiments were designed to investigate the conservation property, and the OBCs were found to work efficiently to maintain the volume, heat and salinity conservation. It was found that simulations were comparable to observations when the OBCs were applied to a regional ocean model.     

Rehabilitation and Sustainable Use Pattern of Rocky-desertified Land in Southwest China＇s Poverty-stricken Karst Mountainous Areas ——A Case Study in Benggu Township, Xichou County, Yunnan, China

The rocky desert in a karst area directly causes the lack of soil, water and forest, hence leading to the poverty there. In 1990, the villagers from the Muzhe Village in Benggu Township, Xichou County, Yunnan declared a war against rocky desert in an attempt to ask the fields for more yields. They invented a distinctive land rehabilitation and sustainable use pattern called ＂transforming heaven and earth＂ that had been practiced in Southwest China＇s karst areas. The key mechanism of the pattern was to develop terraced fields with well conserved soil, water and fertility by exploding rocks in the fields, building stone walls, gathering more soil, and improving soil quality and productivity for the fields in combination with building of irrigation facilities and roads, as well as with forestation and agriculture structure adjustment. The purpose of the pattern was to alleviate poverty in the karst areas by improving soil productivity and promoting agricultural development. A typical area was studied with the help of Participatory Rural Appraisal （PRA） and the pattern was carried out there for fifteen years, have produced excellent ecological benefits and good economic benefits. Its application in the area approved that it was a sustainable land use pattern for rocky desert areas.