Potash in a salt mushroom at Hormoz Island, Hormoz Strait, Iran

Increasing volumes of potash are currently being discovered in a cluster of diapirs of Hormoz (formerly Hormuz) salt near Bandar Abbas, Iran. Most of the potash beds studied so far occur in complex recumbent folds in a salt mountain that would be difficult to exploit safely. However, Holocene marine erosion removed any salt mountains from a sub-group of near-shore Zagros diapirs and exposed their deeper structural levels. Even though these diapirs are still active, their potash deposits are likely more tractable to safe exploitation than in a salt mountain — as we make clear here for Hormoz Island.Geochemical surveys on Hormoz Island reveal two separate potash anomalies that are valuable pseudo-stratigraphic markers. Integrating field measurements of the attitudes of bedding with lineaments on air photos suggests that Hormoz Island consists of a mature bell- or plume-shaped mushroom diapir with potash beds wound around a toroidal axis of rotation near current exposure levels.2D numerical models simulate the salt mushroom on Hormoz Island and its internal circulation. They also suggest that the diapir has a wide overhand above a narrow stem in this gas-rich region. We use the mushroom diapir model to outline a regional exploration strategy that has the potential of influencing the world potash market thereafter.     

Luminescence-dated aeolian deposits of late Quaternary age in the southern Tibetan Plateau and their implications for landscape history

Aeolian deposits are widely distributed in the interior of the Tibetan Plateau, and their chronology is poorly known. It is not yet clear whether they accumulated only after the last deglaciation, or over a longer time. We applied quartz OSL dating to aeolian samples from the Lhasa area with OSL ages ranging from 2.9 ± 0.2 to at least 118 ± 11 ka. The probability density frequency (PDF) distribution of 24 ages reveals age clusters at about 3, 8, 16–21, 33, and 79–83 ka, indicating enhanced sediment accumulation then. The results show that aeolian deposition occurred throughout most of the last 100 ka. This implies that: 1) an ice sheet covering the whole Tibetan Plateau during the last glacial maximum (LGM) could not have existed; and 2) erosion during the last deglaciation was not as strong as previously proposed, such that not all pre-Holocene loess was removed. The age distribution shown in the PDF indicates that aeolian accumulation is episodic. Sand-formation events revealed by age clusters at 3, 8, and 16–21 ka imply roughly synchronous environmental responses to corresponding global-scale arid events.     

湘中锡矿山式锑矿成矿地质条件分析

湘中锡矿山式锑矿形成于晚白垩-古新世,空间上与岩脉关系密切,各锑矿床、矿化点都伴有或附近发育有煌斑岩及中-酸性岩脉群,在锑矿成矿同期地质事件中,还有周缘一些中-新生代红色盆地的形成及基性火山岩喷发,据之,提出湘中锡矿山式锑矿成矿与燕山晚期拉张构造-岩浆活化作用有关.锑矿床(点)基本上都产出于两组或两组以上断裂的交汇点附近,3组断裂的交汇部位对应于最主要的锑矿床(点).矿体具体受断裂交汇部位附近的次级短轴背斜轴部、倾伏背斜的倾伏端及其翼部被纵向陡倾角断裂构造所切穿的部位控制,是断裂导矿与背斜构造圈闭的体现.岩性组合控矿表现为易于硅化蚀变交代的砂质碳酸盐岩与隔挡层泥质岩所构成的岩性圈闭.根据包裹体均-温度和盐度测定成果,推算成矿压力为(200～300)×105Pa,成矿深度约为1 km.     

胶东英格庄金矿床地质地球化学特征

英格庄金矿床是胶东牟平-乳山金矿成矿带重要的石英脉型金矿床之一,其产出和分布严格受NNE向断裂控制,围岩以古老变质岩和昆嵛山花岗岩为主,金矿物主要以晶隙金形式赋存于黄铁矿-脉石晶体之间。通过成矿流体包裹体地球化学研究可知:均一温度变化有3个峰值(155℃～165℃、205℃～215℃和245℃～265℃);该矿床包裹体盐度w(NaCl)较低(17.17(),在1.05(～17.17(之间变化,应属于低盐度流体;据其成矿压力21.3～58.8MPa,进一步求得的该矿床主要成矿深度为0.83～2.31km,为中浅成矿床;依据包裹体成分测试结果可知,矿床流体属K+-Na+-SO24-Cl-型。氢氧同位素显示其成矿流体主要来源于岩浆水和变质水,并有一定的大气降水混入。     

福建泰宁长兴金矿床地质特征及成因探讨

长兴金矿床主要产于长兴岩体钾长混合花岗岩及其外接触带交溪组变质岩中,矿体受断裂(裂隙带)控制,呈透镜状、不规则脉状分布,综合分析认为交溪组变质岩为初始矿源层,加里东期混合岩化使金在有利构造部位形成初步富集,印支晚期-燕山早期构造-岩浆热液叠加成矿,矿床成因类型为中温热液充填交代型金矿床,其工业类型为破碎带蚀变岩型金矿床。     

关于亲花岗岩类矿床研究的进展和趋势

本文试就矿床与花岗岩类侵入体存在成因联系的证据、亲花岗岩类矿床形成的地球化学因素和岩石成因因素三方面的研究进展和趋势作简短概述。矿床和火成岩在地理上的伴生、分带现象、金属与特殊种属花岗岩类之间的关系、岩体微量元素的浓度与其伴生矿床的关系以及相对年代关系,是确定矿床和火成岩之间存在成因联系的依据。元素离子的电子层构造、离子半径和离子势等地球化学性质与矿石沉积地点、母火成岩成分、矿石形成方式、矿物生成顺序、矿石矿物成分、矿质沉淀温度以及矿石形成深度等都有内在联系。花岗岩类岩荣的形成与矿质的富集、岩浆和富水流体之间的关系和造矿元素在岩浆与富水流体之间的分配关系是控制矿床形成的三个关键性因素。     

岩浆结晶与成矿作用模拟

本文回顾了８０年代以来国际上关于岩浆结晶及成矿作用过程的计算机模拟这一领域的研究进展,主要包括镁铁质干岩浆体系、长英质湿岩浆体系的岩浆结晶作用模拟,以及有关的岩浆矿床成矿作用、岩浆热液成矿作用的模拟。基于对这一领域研究现状和发展趋势的分析,笔者首次提出了模拟岩石学的概念。预测在今后５～１０年内,模拟岩石学将得到突飞猛进的发展,并将对现代岩石成因理论、实验岩石学与矿物学、实验地球化学、矿床成因理论和矿产预测及勘察理论产生重要影响。     

云南兰坪金满中生代沉积岩中的铜矿成矿作用

兰坪－思茅中新生代盆地沉积岩中产出一系列热液型铜矿床（矿点），以石英、铁白云石与含铜硫化物（包括黄铜矿、斑铜矿、黝铜矿和辉铜矿）为主，呈脉状产于砂岩、页岩中，而单独的黝铜矿、方解石和重晶石脉则产于底部碳酸盐岩中．红色碎屑岩中的浅色还原层内的细脉和裂隙中也具有铜矿化。矿石构造以角砾状、脉状最为发育，矿脉多位于褶皱与走向断裂破碎带的叠加部位。金满铜矿的Ｓｒ、Ｓ、Ｐｈ同位素证据、稀土元素地球化学及液体包裹体资料表明，成矿元素主要来自沉积岩层，合矿卤水属于盆地卤水，流来自于硫酸盐的还原作用及沉积硫化物的淋滤溶解作用。含矿流体是Ｈ。Ｏ－ＮａＣＩ～ＣＯ。体系卤水，成矿温度为１５０～３００Ｃ，流体盐度为５％～２０％ＮａＣＩ。据含ＣＯ２包裹体的测温资料估算成矿压力大于６Ｘ１０＇Ｐａ，相当于３ｋｍ深的静岩压力。根据铜矿床成因研究，笔者提出了含矿热卤水储备与突发成矿作用的成矿模式。成矿前，矿化卤水象石油天然气一样，首先集中到一定的构造部位，在构造活动期突然爆炸成矿。成矿期由３个阶段组成，即爆炸充填、渗透充填与改造阶段，热液活动主要在前两个阶段。     

东南亚巽他群岛埃达克岩的分布及斑岩型铜(金)矿成矿预测的地质准则

东南亚巽他群岛是新生代埃达克岩、类埃达克岩极其发育的地区。这些中酸性岩浆岩广泛见于几内亚岛上的中央山脉、巴布亚新几内亚的欧文-斯坦利推覆带、俾斯麦岛弧、布干维尔岛-所罗门岛弧、印度尼西亚苏拉威西、加里曼丹中部、班达岛弧,零星见于苏门答腊、爪哇等地。根据微量元素特征及REE曲线类型的特点,本区埃达克岩可以明显地划分为2种类型：第一种埃达克岩类型属于拉斑/钙-碱性系列,具有大洋岛弧的REE曲线特征（相当于O型埃达克岩）;第二种埃达克岩属于高钾钙-碱性系列,归于大陆埃达克岩（相当于C型埃达克岩）,形成于弧-陆碰撞带或碰撞后造山带。埃达克岩与浅成热液金属矿床和斑岩矿床的成矿作用有密切的关系,是世界级浅成热液和斑岩铜-金矿的容矿岩石。