Thresholds of land cover to control runoff and soil loss

This research focused on the determination of land cover thresholds that have a significant impact on runoff generation and soil loss at the pedon scale. For this purpose, six erosion micro-plots were set up on grassland and shrubland types of rangeland in the northeast of Iran, and the amounts of vegetation cover, litter, runoff and soil loss on them were measured. A factorial statistical analysis was carried out on the completely randomized design using land cover and rainfall factors. The results show that the effect of rainfall on soil loss and runoff was greater than that of land cover. Also, the effect of land cover on soil loss was greater than that on runoff generation. Furthermore, two specific thresholds were identified: the first was from 10 to 30% of landcover and the second from 50 to 70%.     

Testing a new sampler for measuring plot soil loss

In order to measure soil loss in equipped plots the estimate of the weight of solid material intercepted at their lower end is required. At the experimental area of Sparacia, Sicily, the runoff produced by an erosive event is collected within storage tanks with a capacity of about 1 m³. In this paper, the use of a new sampler is proposed to measure easily the weight of solid material eroded from an experimental plot and collected into a storage tank. The sampler is a cylinder having a closing valve at the bottom. Two different series of runs were carried out both to test the reliability of the sampler and to establish a sampling procedure, respectively. An analysis of various sampling configurations usable in the field differentiated by the number and location of sampling verticals in the tank cross‐section was finally carried out. The results of the present investigation are that the concentration measurement by the sampler was more accurate than that obtained by other methods involving a collection tank, agitation and sampling of the suspension. This sampler is cheap and usable in combination with a quick field sampling procedure which is particularly advisable when the number of plots equipped at an experimental area is large. The sampler was tested using a clay soil contained within cylinders and a cubic tank, but it appeared also to be usable with coarser sediment than clay and in combination with tanks having a different shape. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Measuring sheet erosion using synthetic color‐contrast aggregates

The bulk of eroded soils measured at the outlets of plots, slopes and watersheds are suspended sediments, splash‐induced sheet erosion. It is depending on rainfall intensity and antecedent soil moisture contents and contributes to a significant proportion of soil loss that usually is ignored in soil erosion and sediment studies. A digital image processing method for tracing and measuring non‐suspended soil particles detached/transported by splash/runoff was therefore used in the present study. Accordingly, fine mineral pumice grains aggregated with white cement and coloured with yellow pigment powder, with the same size, shape and specific gravity as those of natural soil aggregates, called synthetic color‐contrast aggregates, were used as tracers for detecting soil particle movement. Subsequently, the amount of non‐suspended soil particles detached and moved downward the slope was inferred with the help of digital image processing techniques using MATLAB R2010B software (Mathworks, Natick, Massachusetts, USA). The present study was conducted under laboratory conditions with four simulated rainfall intensities between 30–90 mm h^‐1, five antecedent soil moisture contents between 12–44 % v v^‐1 and a slope of 30%, using sandy loam soils taken from a summer rangeland in the Alborz Mountains, Northern Iran. A range of total transported soil between 90.34 and 1360.93 g m^‐2 and net splash erosion between 36.82 and 295.78 g m^‐2were observed. The results also showed the sediment redeposition ratio ranging from 87.27% [sediment delivery ratio (SDR) = 12.73%] to 96.39% (SDR = 3.61%) in various antecedent soil moisture contents of rainfall intensity of 30 mm h^‐1 and from 80.55% (SDR = 19.45%) to 89.42% (SDR = 10.58%) in rainfall intensity of 90 mm h^‐1. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

煤层顶板砂岩富水性AVO预测技术

煤层顶板砂岩富水性预测是有待解决的重要问题。以实际测井曲线数据为输入,利用Gassmann方程和AVO（Amplitude Variation with Offset）技术探讨煤层顶板砂岩富水性的预测方法。首先,利用实际测井曲线计算顶板砂岩的纵波速度、孔隙度和泥质含量;其次,以Han经验公式为基础,曲面拟合纵波速度、孔隙度和泥质含量间的关系式,并导出砂岩骨架纵波速度;再次,利用Castagna经验公式计算砂岩骨架的横波速度,并建立14种顶板砂岩模型;最后,利用Gassmann方程进行流体替换,计算各模型的纵横波速度和密度,从而正演模拟顶板砂岩的AVO响应。结合理论分析和实例预测,发现截距-梯度交会图可以区分砂岩孔隙度和干湿性,是顶板砂岩富水性预测的一种有效手段。     

通用土壤流失方程的发展与应用

通用土壤流失方程USLE是美国研制的用于定量预报农地或草地坡面多年平均年土壤流失量的一个经验性土壤侵蚀预报模型。它是从20世纪30年代开始的土壤侵蚀试验和定量研究基础上不断发展完善的,最终于60年代正式出版。期间又分别在70年代和90年代进行了二次修订。自模型研制以来,已在水土保持规划和土地资源管理方面得到了广泛应用。模型在发展过程中形成的思想和方法,对于各国经验性土壤侵蚀模型的建立具有很好的借鉴作用。我国自80年代开始引入该模型,进行模型的订正和应用研究,取得了重要成果。     

上扬子台地西缘峨眉地区三叠纪高频层序与海平面振荡研究

通过精细露头层序地层学的研究,将三叠纪标定了二级层序2个,三级层序9个。提出并厘定了层序旋回的等级系列:一级(200-400Ma),二级(10一100Ma),三级(1-10Ma),四级(0.1-0.2Ma),五级(0.2一0.05Ma)和六级(±0.02Ma)层序旋回。将三叠纪盆地划分为被动边缘(T₁+2)和前陆盆地(T₃)阶段。进一步标定了古构造沉降对有效容纳空间及层序形成的贡献。提出并规范了高频层序的内涵本质及其划分方案。建立并标定了不同物质背景之下的高频层序四种鉴定类型;三角洲河口坝或滨岸旋回序列型;波痕指数垂向有序变化型;厚层灰岩或白云岩与薄层灰岩或白云岩有序叠置偶合型和砂屑灰岩与砂、泥岩层偶型。高频层序行为堆叠样式及其所携带的信息可深刻地揭示三级层序的内部构架,提高地层对比精度。为建立高分辨率层序地层学和定量编制全球海平面变化曲线奠定了基础。     

北京地区大气气溶胶光学特性监测研究

该文依据气溶胶光学厚度测量原理,利用CE318太阳光度计,于2000年7月～2001年7月期间对北京地区大气气溶胶光学厚度进行观测试验,计算得到约50天的气溶胶光学厚度和Junge参数等大气光学特性数据,给出了北京地区气溶胶光学特性分布特征.计算统计得到北京城区晴空条件下的Junge参数为3 15、2001年3月份沙尘天气状况下急剧下降为2.28,而北京郊区顺义县的测量结果介于二者之间为2.65.分析表明,由试验获得的气溶胶光学特性数据对于分析和监测北京地区大气污染、改善北京地区空气质量具有一定的意义.     

雾迷山旋回层的费希尔图解及其在定义前寒武纪三级海平面变化中的应用

天津蓟县剖面的中元古界雾迷山组是一套厚3 300m的碳酸盐岩地层,其中广泛发育叠层石生物层及凝块石生物丘.这些生物层及生物丘与潮坪相白云岩和砂泥质白云岩一起构成具有近似对称相序组构的环潮坪型碳酸盐米级旋回层序,将其命名为"雾迷山旋回层”.这些旋回层常由泻湖相白云质泥页岩覆盖,在其顶常发育古土壤层,由此而表明雾迷山旋回层的界面多为瞬时暴露间断面.根据雾迷山旋回层在长周期三级层序中的有序叠加形式,可在雾迷山组中识别出26个Ⅲ级层序,它们还可进一步归为6个Ⅱ级层序.为了进一步研究三级海平面的变化幅度和Ⅲ级层序的大致形成时限,在露头发育良好的雾迷山组中上部共识别出626个旋回层;考虑到雾迷山组的总体厚度(3 300m)及其大致的总体形成时限(103±20Ma左右),可假定雾迷山组沉积期的总体地壳沉降速率为2~4m/10万a.在上述假定的基础上,运用费希尔图解来估算三级海平面的变化幅度.     

EVALUATION OF EROSION PRODUCTIVITY IMPACT CALCULATOR （EPIC） MODEL FOR MIDDLE MOUNTAIN REGION OF NEPAL

This study verifies the applicability of EPIC model for an erosion plot (61 .2 m~2) and an uplandterraced watershed (72 ha) using a total of 94 rainfall events over a study period of two years. Inorder to analyze the effect of storm size on runoff and soil loss processes, rainfall events aredivided into three groups: small (<25mm), moderate (25--50mm) and large (>50mm). Resultsindicate that the model could predict reasonably well the runoff and soil loss from the erosion plotand the watershed for the moderate and large rainfall events. However, the runoff and soil lossprediction for the small rainfall events is found to be poor. On annual basis, both surface runoff andsoil loss predictions match well the observations. In ligh of the importance of the moderate andlarge rainfall events in producing most of the annual runoff and soil loss in the study area, the EPICmodel is applied to assess the impacts of erosion on agricultural productivity and to evaluatemanagement practices to protect watersheds in the     

川西绵竹地区构造特征及对油气成藏控制作用

绵竹主体构造为龙门山前构造带关口隐伏断裂的下盘构造,构造样式为研究区断滑褶皱,形成于印支期,在喜山期遭受了一定程度的调整改造,为一古今叠合构造。对研究区构造特征及演化分析表明,构造形成及其演化对研究区圈闭类型、储层发育、油气运移通道有着强烈的控制作用,是绵竹构造油气成藏和富集的主要控制因素。多期构造运动形成的不整合面及断裂为油气运移提供了良好的通道,有效改善了储层孔渗条件,形成的断背斜、背斜为油气聚集成藏提供了良好的场所。