The Heilongjiang Group: A Jurassic accretionary complex in the Jiamusi Massif at the western Pacific margin of northeastern China

Abstract The tectonic setting of the Eastern Asian continental margin in the Jurassic is highly controversial. In the current study, we have selected the Heilongjiang complex located at the western margin of the Jiamusi Massif in northeastern China for geochronological investigation to address this issue. Field and petrographic investigations indicate that the Heilongjiang complex is composed predominately of granitic gneiss, marble, mafic‐ultramafic rocks, blueschist, greenschist, quartzite, muscovite‐albite schist and two‐mica schist that were tectonically interleaved, indicating they represent a mélange. The marble, two‐mica schist and granitic gneiss were most probably derived from the Mashan complex, a high‐grade gneiss complex in the Jiamusi Massif with which the Heilongjiang Group is intimately associated. The ultramafic rocks, blueschist, greenschist and quartzite (chert) are similar to components in ophiolite. The sensitive high mass‐resolution ion microprobe U‐Pb zircon age of 265 ± 4 Ma for the granitic gneiss indicates that the protolith granite was emplaced coevally with Permian batholiths in the Jiamusi Massif. ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating of biotite and phengite from the granitic gneiss and mica schist yields a late Early Jurassic metamorphic age between 184 and 174 Ma. Early components of the Jiamusi Massif, including the Mashan complex, probably formed part of an exotic block from Gondwana, affected by late Pan‐African orogenesis, and collided with the Asian continental margin during the Early Jurassic. Subduction of oceanic crust between the Jiamusi block and the eastern part of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt resulted in the formation of a huge volume of Jurassic granites in the Zhangguangcai Range. Consequently, the collision of the Jiamusi Massif with the Central Asian Orogenic Belt to the west can be considered as the result of circum‐Pacific accretion, unrelated to the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. The widespread development of Jurassic accretionary complexes along the Asian continental margin supports such an interpretation.     

The oceanic substratum of Northern Luzon: Evidence from xenoliths within Monglo adakite (the Philippines)

Abstract   A 8.65 Ma adakitic intrusive sheet exposed near Monglo village in the Baguio District of Northern Luzon contains a suite of ultramafic and mafic xenoliths including in order of abundance: spinel dunites showing typical mantle-related textures, mineral and bulk rock compositions, and serpentinites derived from them; amphibole-rich gabbros displaying incompatible element patterns similar to those of flat or moderately enriched back-arc basin basalt magmas; and amphibolites derived from metabasalts and/or metagabbros of identical affinity. A single quartz diorite xenolith carrying a similar subduction-related geochemical signature has also been sampled. One amphibolite xenolith provided a whole-rock K–Ar age of 115.6 Ma (Barremian). We attribute the origin of this suite to the sampling by ascending adakitic magmas of a Lower Cretaceous ophiolitic complex located at a depth within the 30–35 km thick Luzon crust. It could represent an equivalent of the Isabela-Aurora and Pugo-Lepanto ophiolitic massifs exposed in Northern Luzon.     

Discovery of the Plagiogranites in the Diyanmiao Ophiolite,Southeastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt,Inner Mongolia,China and Its Tectonic Significance

In this study, plagiogranites in the Diyanmiao ophiolite of the southeastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt(Altaids) were investigated for the first time. The plagiogranites are composed predominantly of albite and quartz, and occur as irregular intrusive veins in pillow basalts. The plagiogranites have high SiO_2(74.37–76.68 wt%) and low Al_2O_3(11.99–13.30 wt%), and intensively high Na_2O(4.52–5.49 wt%) and low K_2O(0.03–0.40 wt%) resulting in high Na_2O/K_2O ratios(11.3–183). These rocks are classified as part of the low-K tholeiitic series. The plagiogranites have low total rare earth element contents(∑REE)(23.62–39.77 ppm), small negative Eu anomalies(δEu=0.44–0.62), and flat to slightly LREE-depleted chondrite-normalized REE patterns((La/Yb)N=0.68–0.76), similar to N-MORB. The plagiogranites are also characterized by Th, U, Zr, and Hf enrichment, and Nb, P, and Ti depletion, have overall flat primitivemantle-normalized trace element patterns. Field and petrological observations and geochemical data suggest that the plagiogranites in the Diyanmiao ophiolite are similar to fractionation-type plagiogranites. Furthermore, the REE patterns of the plagiogranites are similar to those of the gabbros and pillow basalts in the ophiolite. In plots of SREE–SiO_2, La–SiO_2, and Yb–SiO_2, the plagiogranites, pillow basalts, and gabbros show trends typical of crystal fractionation. As such, the plagiogranites are oceanic in origin, formed by crystal fractionation from basaltic magmas derived from depleted mantle, and are part of the Diyanmiao ophiolite. LA–ICP–MS U–Pb dating of zircons from the plagiogranites yielded ages of 328.6±2.1 and 327.1±2.1 Ma, indicating an early Carboniferous age for the Diyanmiao ophiolite. These results provide petrological and geochronological evidence for the identification of the Erenhot–Hegenshan oceanic basin and Hegenshan suture of the Paleo-Asian Ocean.     

Geochemistry and SHRIMP U‐Pb Zircon Dating of Mafic Rocks North of Zunhua City,Eastern Hebei,North China Craton: Paleoproterozoic Gabbro rather than Neoarchean Ophiolite

Abundant mafic-ultramafic blocks and dikes occur in the area north of Zunhua City, eastern Hebei Province, and were previously suggested to be part of a late Archean ophiolitic assemblage. We employed SHRIMP zircon dating and a geochemical study on these mafic and surrounding rocks to test the ophiolite hypothesis. The SHRIMP data suggest that three metagabbro samples were metamorphosed at ～1.8 Ga. Numerous ～2.5 Ga zircons display strong oscillatory zoning, characteristic of zircons from granitoid rocks but not from gabbro, so we suggest that these are xenocrystic grains. The age of these xenocrystic zircons and their metamorpbic rims suggests that these mafic blocks formed in Paleoproterozoic. The surrounding gneiss of intermediate composition also contains 2.5 Ga zircons with oscillatory zoning and 1.8 Ga metamorphic rims. Fractionated REE patterns and Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf negative anomalies to variable extent were observed in the mafic blocks and surrounding rocks, also supporting a significant difference in the chemistry of ophiolitic rocks. Our data suggest that many mafic blocks in northern Zunhua are not part of a late Archean ophiolite complex but part of a tectonically dismembered Paleoproterozoic intrusive gabbro complex. This study shows that late Paleoproterozoic metamorphism occurred in the western part of eastern Hebei Province.     

北祁连川刺沟A型花岗岩的年代学及其意义

关于北祁连南蛇绿岩带蛇绿岩,前人多认为是形成于早古生代洋中脊的大洋岩石圈残片。本次对川刺沟A型花岗岩和其周围超基性岩的研究,有助于较全面认识该区时代序列与构造格架。川刺沟A型花岗岩的组成矿物为碱性长石(～45%)、石英(～30%)、斜长石(～15%)以及少量的霓辉石(～5%)等,发育条纹和显微文象等结构。岩石具有高SiO_2(72.58%～73.96%)和高Na_2O+K_2O(10.12%～10.39%),A/NK1,10000Ga/Al值为2.59～3.49。微量元素型式显示该花岗岩富集Rb、Ba、Th、K,强烈亏损Sr、P、Ti、Nb、Ta,稀土元素型式呈明显负铕异常(δEu=0.56～0.60)的海鸥形。岩相学和地球化学特点均符合A型花岗岩特征,进一步细分可将其归属于A_2型,形成于后造山环境。其周围的超基性岩稀土型式呈"U"型,富集Th、Zr、Hf,推测其经历过俯冲熔/流体交代。SHRIMP锆石U-Pb定年给出一组该A型花岗岩的谐和年龄501±5Ma,可以代表其侵位年龄。该年龄早于北祁连造山带陆-陆碰撞时间,晚于大陆裂谷发生时间。由于A_2型花岗岩后造山环境有两亚类:陆-陆碰撞后造山和活动大陆边缘拉张环境,本次研究结果更加倾向后者,即,该A型花岗岩为在中-晚寒武世俯冲作用影响下,活动大陆边缘弧前发生拉张,软流圈部分熔融产生幔源岩浆底侵形成。进一步推测该地区超基性岩可能与俯冲有关,为非经典定义的蛇绿岩。     

蛇绿岩中辉长苏长岩的成因

在蛇绿岩的洋壳岩石和地幔岩石单元中通常可见少量的辉长苏长岩脉,其主要特征是含高钙长石以及斜方辉石作为主要的矿物相早先于斜长石结晶。已有的研究表明辉长苏长岩的母岩浆为相对于MORB更富水和高硅的钙碱性岩浆。尽管这种含水钙碱性岩浆的形成可能与俯冲过程有关,但是在现今大洋也发现有辉长苏长岩的存在,表明在洋中脊环境也存在有含水钙碱性岩浆的发育。通过对侵入到西藏普兰蛇绿岩地幔橄榄岩中的辉长苏长岩的研究,笔者提出它们可能是遭受海水蛇纹石化的大洋岩石圈地幔重熔而成,其形成过程可能与在洋中脊发育的拆离断层有关。     

内蒙古梅劳特乌拉蛇绿岩中早二叠世高镁闪长岩的发现及洋内俯冲作用

内蒙古梅劳特乌拉SSZ型蛇绿岩中,新发现了早二叠世巴嘎哈尔高镁闪长岩。该闪长岩位于贺根山缝合带内。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年表明,巴嘎哈尔闪长岩的侵位年龄为(282±2)Ma,其形成时代为早二叠世。该岩石高镁,MgO含量5.00%~10.94%,Mg#值54~74;SiO_2含量53.52%~58.64%,Al_2O_3含量13.48%~14.98%,Na_2O含量1.36%~3.59%;贫钾,K_2O含量0.48%~1.61%;贫TiO_2(0.28%~0.76%)和P_2O_5(0.080%~0.160%);富Cr(75.00×10~(-6)~555.90×10~(-6))和Ni(26.20×10~(-6)~228.40×10~(-6));富集K、Rb和Sr等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Zr、Ti和P等高场强元素;稀土元素总量较低(25.16×10~(-6)~83.57×10~(-6)),稀土曲线为略右倾的平坦型。该岩石具有高镁闪长岩的地球化学特征,与赞岐岩相类似,属于俯冲带岛弧型岩浆岩。结合其与梅劳特乌拉SSZ型蛇绿岩中玻安岩和埃达克岩的岩石组合时空分布特征,表明古亚洲洋贺根山洋盆在早二叠世可能仍然处于大洋俯冲消减状态。该高镁闪长岩可能为俯冲洋壳+俯冲深积物来源的硅质熔体交代上覆地幔楔使其部分熔融的产物。     

Did the Turonian–Coniacian plume pulse trigger subduction initiation in the Northern Caribbean? Constraints from 40Ar/39Ar dating of the Moa-Baracoa metamorphic sole (eastern Cuba)

The Güira de Jauco metamorphic sole, below the Moa-Baracoa ophiolite (eastern Cuba), contains strongly deformed amphibolites formed at peak metamorphic conditions of 650–660°C, approximately 8.6 kbar (~30 km depth). The geochemistry, based on immobile elements of the amphibolites, suggests oceanic lithosphere protholiths with a variable subduction component in a supra-subduction zone environment. The geochemical similarity and tectonic relations among the amphibolites and the basic rocks from the overlying ophiolite suggest a similar origin and protholith. New hornblende ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar cooling ages of 77–81 Ma obtained for the amphibolites agree with this hypothesis, and indicate formation and cooling/exhumation of the sole in Late Cretaceous times. The cooling ages, geochemical evidence for a back-arc setting of formation of the mafic protoliths, and regional geology of the region allow proposal of the inception of a new SW-dipping subduction zone in the back-arc region of the northern Caribbean arc during the Late Cretaceous (ca. 90–85 Ma). Subduction inception was almost synchronous with the main plume pulse of the Caribbean–Colombian Oceanic Plateau (92–88 Ma) and occurred around 15 million years before arc-continent collision (75 Ma–Eocene) at the northern leading edge of the Caribbean plate. This chronological framework suggests a plate reorganization process in the region triggered by the Caribbean–Colombian mantle plume.     

西准噶尔南部玛依勒洋盆开启、闭合时限:来自中泥盆统与下伏地质体之间角度不整合关系的证据

新疆西准噶尔南部地区出露多条蛇绿岩,其中玛依勒蛇绿岩是该地区比较重要的蛇绿岩之一,其所代表的古洋盆的开启、闭合时限一直是地学界争论的焦点。详细的野外调查发现:玛依勒蛇绿混杂岩呈构造岩块的形式就位于中-上志留统玛依拉山岩群复理石基质中或与寒武纪杂岩体在空间上密切共生,表明玛依勒蛇绿岩所代表的古洋盆至少在寒武纪时期就已经开启,一直持续到中-晚志留世;中泥盆统库鲁木迪组分别角度不整合于中-上志留统玛依拉山岩群和寒武纪杂岩体之上,从而限定了玛依勒洋盆闭合时限的上限为中泥盆世之前。地层剖面分析发现库鲁木迪组与玛依拉山岩群之间在岩性特征、地层序列、沉积环境等方面均存在显著差异,表明晚古生代早期是西准噶尔地区构造演化发展的重要转换时期,库鲁木迪组下部的陆相沉积序列是对玛依勒早古生代洋盆闭合过程的沉积学响应。这将对进一步研究西准噶尔的构造演化和古生代中亚地区的构造格局提供了重要的制约。     

雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩带西段错不扎地幔橄榄岩组成特征及岩石成因

错不扎蛇绿岩位于雅鲁藏布江缝合带西段北亚带,岩体呈北西-南东走向带状产出,主要由地幔橄榄岩和辉长岩脉组成。地幔橄榄岩主体为方辉橄榄岩,详细的矿物学及岩石地球化学研究表明,错不扎方辉橄榄岩中橄榄石为镁橄榄石,斜方辉石主要为顽火辉石,而单斜辉石主要为顽透辉石和透辉石,铬尖晶石具有高Al和高Mg(Mg#=60~70)特征。稀土配分图解显示其具有轻稀土亏损而重稀土富集的左倾型亏损地幔源区特征,(La/Yb)N=0.11~0.60,模拟结果显示其为经历了15%~20%部分熔融后的残余,与快速扩张大洋中脊环境下形成的深海橄榄岩的熔融程度(10%~22%)较为一致。此外,错不扎方辉橄榄岩轻稀土含量明显高于部分熔融模型中LREE的含量,而且,在微量元素原始地幔标准化图解中富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Sr和高场强元素Ta、Hf和Ti,这一特征指示错不扎方辉橄榄岩在大洋中脊环境形成后又受到后期俯冲带熔/流体的改造。结合南北两带不同蛇绿岩体构造环境的对比,笔者认为雅鲁藏布江西段南北两带蛇绿岩体具有相似的形成环境,两者在地理位置以及产状方面的差别可能是受到构造侵位的影响。