蒙古中部巴彦洪古尔蛇绿岩带乌兰布拉格新块状硫化物矿床

The Bayankhongor ophiolite zone, a NW-SE strik-ing linear structure 400 km long and up to 25 km wide, is the largest ophiolite association in Central Mongolia and possibly in all of Central Asia. The Bayankhongor cop-per mineralization was investigated by us in connection with detailed research of the ophiolite complexes in 1997-2011. With regard to their origin the ore formations belong to genetic type of gold-bearing massive sulphide deposit with magmatic seat of the island arc.     

秦岭造山带早古生代蛇绿岩的多阶段演化: 从岛弧到弧间盆地

秦岭商-丹缝合带是分隔北秦岭早古生代造山带和南秦岭晚古生代造山带的地质界线,其中的丹凤蛇绿岩被认为代表了秦岭地区早古生代的洋壳残片。迄今,前人已经提出多种模式来解释丹凤蛇绿岩成因和构造背景(如:岛弧、洋岛和成熟的大洋等)。然而,这些单一的构造演化模式却很难解释两个基本事实:(1)不同类型镁铁质岩(如N-MORB、E-MORB和IAT等)的穿时性分布;(2)几乎所有的早古生代镁铁质岩都显示出多种构造环境的叠加。对陕西太白鹦鸽嘴地区一条具有较完整层序的蛇绿岩剖面研究发现,剖面中存在HTI型(TiO2:1.21%～1.56%)和LTI(TiO2:0.09%～0.35%)两种类型的镁铁质岩(包括玄武岩和辉长岩),HTI型镁铁质岩具有LREE亏损,没有Nb、Ta负异常等的E-MORB特征;LTI具有LREE富集,Nb、Ta负异常的IAT特征。地球化学显示二者的源区均为北秦岭岩石圈地幔楔。本文获得鹦哥嘴蛇绿岩两个LTI型辉长岩锆石U-Pb年龄分别为523.8±1.3Ma和474.3±1.4Ma。认为秦岭早古生代蛇绿岩应是SSZ环境下多阶段演化的结果:第一阶段:约524Ma,秦岭洋盆向北俯冲开始。俯冲板片的脱水作用使熔融温度降低,形成的流体交代地幔楔,在北秦岭南缘产生了一个不成熟的岛弧;第二阶段:先存岛弧裂开阶段,约524～474Ma。秦岭洋壳的持续俯冲,在先形成的岛弧上拉张出了弧间盆地,形成了主要由轻稀土亏损、高Ti拉斑玄武岩和辉长岩组成的E-MORB型岩石组合;第三阶段:弧前盆地闭合阶段,474Ma之后。在这个阶段新生的弧间盆地闭合,俯冲洋壳携带的深海沉积物与北秦岭岩石圈地幔楔相互作用形成了北秦岭李子园的玻安岩。秦岭早古生代蛇绿岩的多阶段成因是典型特提斯构造域演化特征在秦岭地区的重现。     

西藏雅鲁藏布蛇绿岩形成构造环境的地球化学鉴别

本文对西藏雅鲁藏布蛇绿岩带中部日喀则地区夏鲁蛇绿岩中的基性岩石进行了元素地球化学研究。岩石为低钾亚碱性玄武质岩石,具有低TiO2(0.64%～1.5%)、低K2O(<0.69%)、富Na2O(2.5%～6.0%)、烧失量普遍较高(2.0%～7.5%)的特征,表明样品普遍遭受蚀变。岩石具有与N-MORB类似的稀土元素和总体一致的微量元素特征,但是岩石明显富集大离子亲石元素和亏损高场强元素,显示了洋脊玄武岩向着岛弧岩浆作用的过渡趋势。日喀则蛇绿岩不是典型的洋中脊成因,应为SSZ型蛇绿岩,可能形成于与洋内俯冲有关的SSZ型的弧后或者弧前盆地中。对东西延伸超过1500km的雅鲁藏布蛇绿岩246套基性岩石形成的构造环境进行的地球化学判别,表明至少存在大陆岛弧型、地幔柱-洋内热点型、洋中脊-大洋岛弧型和典型大洋岛弧型等四种类型洋壳,揭示了特提斯洋存在多种构造环境的特征,有利于恢复和还原一个长期演化的、丰富的特提斯洋。     

西藏雅鲁藏布江缝合带西段普兰蛇绿岩地幔橄榄岩矿物学研究和成因探讨

西藏普兰蛇绿岩以出露面积约600km2的特大型地幔橄榄岩体而引人注目。我们在普兰岩体的东段,完成了一条近垂直走向并穿过岩体的长约10km的地质剖面,其目的是探讨地幔橄榄岩体岩相的变化及其成因。研究表明,岩体主体为方辉橄榄岩,分布于岩体内部,二辉橄榄岩呈条带状,分布于岩体边部,方辉橄榄岩和二辉橄榄岩出露面积之比约为4∶1。剖面显示,二辉橄榄岩向方辉橄榄岩岩相渐变,Ol和Sp含量增加,Opx和Cpx减少,橄榄石Fo值和NiO含量也呈逐渐增加的特征。斜方辉石主要为顽火辉石(En=85~90),Mg#值变化于88~92之间,Al2O3含量0.89%~5.16%。单斜辉石包括顽透辉石和透辉石,以低铝(Al2O3=1.16%~6.02%),高镁(Mg#值为90~94)为特征。二辉橄榄岩的铬尖晶石Cr#值在19~32之间,低于方辉橄榄岩的Cr#值(25~72),两者之间呈连续变化。另一方面,方辉橄榄岩的各矿物百分含量、成分特征及部分熔融程度在岩体东部变化较大。结合前人成果,认为岩体中部分方辉橄榄岩不仅仅为单一的地幔残余,而可能经历了后期流体/熔体交代作用。依据尖晶石-橄榄石/单斜辉石矿物化学成分,估算出二辉橄榄岩是地幔源区经历约5%~12%部分熔融作用形成,而方辉橄榄岩则最终经历了约12%~32%部分熔融作用。研究结果表明,从二辉橄榄岩到方辉橄榄岩的演变,起因于部分熔融的差别,没有证据表明是受构造背景变化制约,因此,简单地用铬尖晶石等矿物成分的变化判断地幔橄榄岩的产出构造背景的方法值得商榷。     

西藏罗布莎不同类型铬铁矿的特征及成因模式讨论

蛇绿岩地幔橄榄岩中产出的豆荚状铬铁矿是铬的主要来源。已有的研究表明,豆荚状铬铁矿形成于洋中脊或俯冲带的浅部地幔环境。但随着近些年在豆荚状铬铁矿及围岩地幔橄榄岩中不断发现金刚石等深部矿物,人们也开始质疑豆荚状铬铁矿的浅部成因理论。本文系统研究了西藏雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩带东段的罗布莎豆荚状铬铁矿床,识别出两类铬铁矿,一类以方辉橄榄岩为围岩的致密块状铬铁矿(Cr1#),另一类是以纯橄岩壳为围岩的浸染状铬铁矿(Cr2#)。两类铬铁矿在铬尖晶石的矿物化学成分、PGE和Re-Os同位素特征上存在较大差别,属不同演化过程的结果。地幔橄榄岩的地球化学特征指示罗布莎橄榄岩中存在由低铬且轻稀土亏损和高铬且轻稀土富集的两类方辉橄榄岩。在此基础上,提出豆荚状铬铁矿为多阶段形成的新认识,经历了早期俯冲至地幔过渡带(410~660km)的陆壳和洋壳物质被脱水和肢解,过渡带产生的热和流体促成了地幔的熔融和Cr的释放和汇聚;铬铁矿浆在地幔柱/地幔对流驱动下,运移至过渡带顶部冷凝固结,并有强还原性的流体进入,后者携带了深部形成的金刚石、斯石英等高压矿物,并进入"塑性-半塑性地幔橄榄岩"中;随着物质向上移动,深度降低,早期超高压相矿物发生相变,如斯石英转变成柯石英,高压相的铬铁矿中出溶成柯石英和单斜辉石;在侵位过程和俯冲带环境,含水熔体与方辉橄榄岩反应形成了不含超高压矿物的规模相对较小的浸染状铬铁矿(Cr2#)及纯橄岩壳。     

铬在橄榄石中的赋存状态：西藏罗布莎地幔橄榄岩和铬铁矿中的富铬橄榄石及对深部地幔成因的启示

西藏罗布莎蛇绿岩的地幔橄榄岩和铬铁矿中含有目前世界上已知最富铬的包裹体橄榄石(Cr2O3含量最高达1.49%)和富含铬铁矿出溶体的变形残晶橄榄石。通过对富铬橄榄石产出特征和其中Cr与其他元素相关关系的分析,结合前人的研究,指出铬是以还原态的Cr2+进入橄榄石晶格的,Cr2+可能以占据空位和部分替代Fe2+的方式稳定于富铬橄榄石初始相的晶格中。鉴于前人在罗布莎地幔橄榄岩和铬铁矿中大量超高压强还原相矿物的发现,认为这些富铬橄榄石的初始相可能为形成于地幔过渡带或下地幔的瓦兹利石或林伍德石,富铬橄榄石的产出也反过来证明了罗布莎地幔橄榄岩和铬铁矿中部分物质的深部地幔来源。     

Origin of the Zedang and Luobusa Ophiolites,Tibet

The Zedang and Luobusa ophiolites are located in the eastern section of the Yalung Zangbo ophiolite belt,and they share similar geological tectonic setting and age.Thus,an understanding of their origins is very important for discussion of the evolution of the Eastern Tethys Ocean.There is no complete ophiolite assemblage in the Zedang ophiolite.The Zedang ophiolite is mainly composed of mantle peridotite and a suite of volcanic rocks as well as siliceous rocks,with some blocks of olivinepyroxenite.The mantle peridotite mainly consists of Cpx-harzburgite,harzburgite,some lherzolite,and some dunite.A suite of volcanic rocks is mainly composed of caic-aikaline pyroclastic rocks and secondly of tholeiitic pillow lavas,basaltic andesites,and some boninitic rocks with a lower TiO2 content （TiO2 ＜ 0.6％）.The pyroclastic rocks have a LREE-enriched REE pattern and a LILE-enriched （compared to HFSE） spider diagram,demonstrating an island-arc origin.The tholeiitic volcanic rock has a LREE-depleted REE pattern and a LILE-depleted （compared to HFSE） spider diagram,indicative of an origin from MORB.The boninitic rock was generated from fore-arc extension.The Luobusa ophiolite consists of mantle peridotite and mafic-ultramaflc cumulate units,without dike swarms and volcanic rocks.The mantle peridotite mainly consists of dunite,harzburgite with low-Opx （Opx ＜ 25％）,and harzburgite （Opx ＞ 25％）,which can be divided into two facies belts.The upper is a dunite-harzburgite （Opx ＜ 25％） belt,containing many dunite lenses and a large-scale chromite deposit with high Cr203; the lower is a harzburgite （Opx ＞25％） belt with small amounts of dunite and lherzolite.The Luobusa mantle peridotite exhibits a distinctive vertical zonation of partial melting with high melting in the upper unit and low melting in the lower.Many mantle peridotites are highly depleted,with a characteristic U-shaped REE pattern peculiar to fore-arc peridotite.The Luobusa cumulates are composed of wehrlite and olivine-pyroxenite,of the P-P-G ophiolite series.This study indicates that the Luobusa ophiolite was formed in a fore-arc basin environment on the basis of the occurrence of highly depleted mantle peridotite,a high-Cr2O3 chromite deposit,and cumulates of the P-P-G ophiolite series.We conclude that the evolution of the Eastern Tethys Ocean involved three stages：the initial ocean stage （formation of MORB volcanic rock and dikes）,the forearc extension stage （formation of high-Cr203 chromite deposits and P-P-G cumulates）,and the islandarc stage （formation of caic-alkaline pyroclastic rocks）.     

Application of ASTER and Landsat TM Data for Geological Mapping of Esfandagheh Ophiolite Complex,Southern Iran

This research developed an approach to enable the discrimination of lithological units and detection of host rock of chromitite bodies within ophiolitic complexes using the advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer (ASTER) and Landsat thematic mapper (TM) satellite data. Three main ophiolite complexes located in southern Iran were selected for the study. A specialized band ratio (4/1, 4/5, 4/7) of ASTER, minimum noise fraction (MNF) components and spectral angle mapper (SAM) on ASTER and Landsat TM data were used to distinguish ophiolitic rock units. Results show that the specialized band ratio was able to identify different rock units and serpentinized dunite as host rock of chromitites within ophiolitic complexes. Minimum noise fraction components of ASTER and Landsat TM data are suitable for distinguishing ophiolitic rock complexes at a regional scale. The integration of SAM and feature level fusion used in this investigation discriminated the ophiolitic rock units and provided geological map for the study area, including identification of high potential areas (serpentinite dunite) for chromite exploration targets.     

藏北羌塘中西部红脊山地区晚古生代蛇绿岩地球化学特征及构造意义

以变质玄武岩为研究对象,对红脊山蛇绿岩进行了详细的岩石学和地球化学研究。结果表明,玄武岩主量元素含量与典型的N-MORB非常相似,稀土元素总量较低,具有轻稀土元素略亏损的近平坦左倾型配分型式,Eu异常不显著(δEu=1.05~1.16)。微量元素蛛网图总体也与N-MORB相似,表明变质基性岩源于N-MORB型亏损地幔源区。与典型的大洋中脊玄武岩相比,微量元素蛛网图显示出部分大离子亲石元素明显富集和部分高场强元素明显亏损的特征,尤其是Nb的亏损较为明显(Nb=1.67×10-6~2.26×10-6,平均值为1.97×10-6),表明本区玄武岩受俯冲带物质的影响,很可能形成于俯冲带之上的弧后盆地次级扩张的大地构造背景,属SSZ型蛇绿岩范畴,为特提斯大洋岩石圈在俯冲过程中引发弧后盆地次级扩张的产物。本研究为龙木错—双湖—澜沧江板块缝合带中西段的构造演化研究提供了重要依据。     

藏北班公湖—怒江缝合带中—西段康穷地区发现铬铁矿

班公湖—怒江缝合带中—西段康穷地区发育一套各端元出露比较齐全的蛇绿岩岩石组合,向东与八乌错、米素、赤日、孜如错、桑日一带的超基性岩共同构成了班公湖—怒江缝合带中—西段基性超基性岩带。2012年,于康穷地区变质橄榄岩岩体边部发现一处铬铁矿体,首次证实这一巨大的超基性岩带内存在铬铁矿。铬铁矿露头良好,地表见有2条矿体,在露头西侧还见有大片残坡积铬铁矿,残坡积之下的深部情况尚难确定。矿体以冶金级富铬矿石为主,Cr2O3含量最高可达59.11%,矿体围岩主要为方辉橄榄岩,见有少量纯橄榄岩。初步研究认为,康穷铬铁矿类型为豆荚状铬铁矿。该矿体的发现为班公湖—怒江缝合带中—西段铬铁矿的找矿工作提供了重要线索,对区域找矿具有重要的指示意义。