北祁连西段双龙镁铁质-超镁铁质岩地球化学特征及构造意义

北祁连西段双龙一带出露的镁铁质-超镁铁质岩主要由蛇纹石化二辉橄榄岩、辉长岩、辉绿岩及玄武岩组成,这些岩石单元与构造卷入的前寒武纪变质岩系和深海沉积的硅质岩一起构成蛇绿混杂岩带。辉长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为464±2 Ma(MSWD=1.3)。Zr/TiO_2-Nb/Y图解显示辉绿岩为拉斑玄武岩系列,玄武岩为碱性系列,两者均具有低的MgO和相容元素Cr、Ni含量,指示在岩浆作用过程中发生过橄榄石、辉石的分离结晶作用。球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分模式图显示,辉绿岩呈平坦型,(La/Yb)_N=1.35~1.45,无Eu异常(δEu=1.0~1.1),以及Lu/Yb(~0.15)、Zr/Y(~2.5)、Y/Tb(~39)比值等均类似于N-MORB;但它们又相对富集Ba、Sr,亏损Nb、Ta、Pb,以及Nb/U(~21)、Zr/Nb(~16)、Th/Ta(~5.7)比值则显示了岛弧玄武岩或弧后盆地玄武岩的特征,推测辉绿岩应源于受俯冲流体交代的尖晶石二辉橄榄岩部分熔融的产物。玄武岩地球化学特征明显不同于辉绿岩,表现为相对富集LREE,~8.48,轻微负Eu异常(δEu=0.91),以及Zr/Y(~8)、Y/Tb(~30)、Ta/Yb(~0.6)、Th/Yb(~2.5)比值等类似于OIB,指示玄武岩应源于富集地幔部分熔融的产物,但岩石又表现出富集Rb、Ba、Th、U、Pb、Sr、Zr、Hf,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti、P,以及Th/Ta(~4.8)、Zr/Nb(~14)、Nb/Yb(~10)、Nb/U(~11)比值又具有岛弧或弧后盆地玄武岩的亲缘性,显示了玄武岩应源于地幔深部流体交代的石榴石二辉橄榄岩或尖晶石+石榴石二辉橄榄岩部分熔融的产物,表明早古生代北祁连古大洋在俯冲闭合过程中具有洋岛或海底高原的增生作用。结合区域地质背景,利用全球大数据建立的构造判别图解综合研究认为,北祁连西段熬油沟-玉石沟-双龙-小龙孔-卡瓦-东沟等镁铁质-超镁铁质岩共同构成一条重要的SSZ型蛇绿岩带,为北祁连古大洋向南俯冲形成的弧后盆地的残留体。     

新疆且末碧玉矿的成因研究

以往勘察和研究显示,在新疆和田及其附近地区主要出现与大理岩相关的软玉(和田玉)矿床,而与蛇纹岩有关的软玉(碧玉)矿床尚未有明确报道。笔者通过两年多的野外勘察和室内实验分析,新近在且末县阿尔金断裂附近发现一定规模可开采的碧玉矿床,对其中碧玉样品进行了主量元素、微量元素、电子探针、氧同位素和成矿年龄等方面的研究。岩相学研究显示其主要组成矿物是阳起石和透闪石,全岩的Mg/(Mg+Fe~(2+))=0.83~0.89,Cr_2O_3=0.08%~1.65%,Ni O=0.14%~0.22%,δ~(18)O=15.2‰~15.4‰,经与世界上已发现的碧玉矿床进行对比并结合野外观察,确定该矿床是一种与蛇纹岩有关的碧玉矿床。蚀变闪长岩(δ~(18)O=14.3‰~14.7‰)、大理岩围岩(δ~(18)O=15.2‰~15.9‰)和透闪石(δ~(18)O=15.3‰)具有相似的氧同位素组成,表明它们很可能经历了同样的流体蚀变作用。根据蚀变闪长岩(Cr=107×10~(-6)~155×10~(-6),Ni=53.5×10~(-6)~85.8×10~(-6))和大理岩(Cr=2 036×10~(-6)~2 415×10~(-6),Ni=1 403×10~(-6)~1 933×10~(-6))中的Cr、Ni元素含量判断,碧玉中大量的Cr(867×10~(-6)~2 418×10~(-6))和Ni(960×10~(-6)~1 662×10~(-6))很可能来自于蛇纹岩中的流体。对碧玉的主要围岩蚀变闪长岩进行的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄测试结果分别为267±14 Ma(n=5)和272±14 Ma(n=6),与碧玉密切共生的黑云母的Ar-Ar坪年龄为260.6±1.5 Ma。鉴于蚀变闪长岩的形成时代与黑云母年龄数值在误差范围内一致,花岗岩、大理岩和碧玉的氧同位素值接近,同时碧玉的Cr、Ni元素含量较高,因此推断碧玉的物质来源很可能是蚀变闪长岩和大理岩,而成矿流体是由蚀变闪长岩中的岩浆水、蛇纹岩中活化的流体和大气降水组成。     

Subduction initiation of Indochina and South China blocks: insight from the forearc ophiolitic peridotites of the Song Ma Suture Zone in Vietnam

The Song Ma region, which is located in the northwestern Vietnam represents the zone of amalgamation between Indochina and South China blocks. Numerous scattered ultramafic rocks occur in this region in association with Early to Middle Palaeozoic greenschists and paragneisses, and all these rocks were subjected to hydrous metamorphism and deformation. Here, we present new field data, mineral chemistry and geochemistry from a suite of hydrated peridotites within the Song Ma region and discuss the tectonic significances of the region. We also combine the available data within the Song Ma region and Indochina–South China blocks to discuss the tectonic evolution of the subduction zone. Based on the results, we suggest that the peridotites from the Song Ma are mantle residues that suffered a high degree of partial melting in a forearc tectonic setting. The present data together with the available data within the Song Ma region and the Indochina and South China blocks clearly represent a southward directed Middle Palaeozoic subduction system. The Middle Palaeozoic subduction and accretion events mark the evolutionary history along an active convergent margin between the Indochina and South China blocks, possibly related to the amalgamation of the Pangaea supercontinent. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

新疆东准噶尔卡拉麦里蛇绿岩带研究现状

新疆东准噶尔卡拉麦里蛇绿岩带是一条重要的蛇绿岩带,其所代表的古大洋是中亚古生代构造框架中一个非常重要的构造单元。对于该带归属何古板块之间的缝合带存在着截然不同的认识,对卡拉麦里蛇绿岩前身洋盆俯冲闭合年限也存在多种观点。根据对前人研究资料的综合,简要地论述了该断裂带是准噶尔洋俯冲消亡的遗迹,其闭合年限在350Ma左右。     

藏东罗布莎蛇绿岩遥感岩矿信息提取方法研究

为研究如何利用遥感技术进行蛇绿岩岩矿信息识别和提取,以藏东罗布莎蛇绿岩为例,基于ETM和ASTER遥感数据,分别采用比值法和主成分分析法提取羟基类(蛇纹石、绿泥石)和铁染类(磁铁矿、橄榄石)矿物信息;利用纯净像元指数法(pure pixel index,PPI)提取端元波谱,结合地面已知岩性信息,分别采用光谱角分类法(spectral angle mapping,SAM)和波谱特征拟合法(spectral feature fitting,SFF)识别纯橄岩和橄榄岩,研究了罗布莎蛇绿岩及其主要蚀变矿物的空间分布特征.经过对比分析可知,用多种方法、多种数据提取的岩矿信息可以相互验证;提取出的纯橄岩和橄榄岩与所提取的羟基类和铁染类蚀变遥感异常信息有较好的空间重叠,且与地面调查结果基本吻合.研究表明,该方法用于蛇绿岩遥感岩矿信息提取是可行的,并取得较好的地质效果.     

Melt/mantle mixing produces podiform chromite deposits in ophiolites: Implications of Re-Os systematics in the Dongqiao Neo-tethyan ophiolite, northern Tibet

Podiform chromite deposits occur in the mantle sequences of many ophiolites that were formed in supra-subduction zone (SSZ) settings. We have measured the Re-Os isotopic compositions of the major chromite deposits and associated mantle peridotites of the Dongqiao Ophiolite in the Bangong-Nujiang suture, Tibet, to investigate the petrogenesis of these rocks and their genetic relationships.The ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratios of the chromite separates define a narrow range from 0.12318 to 0.12354, less variable than those of the associated peridotites. Previously-reported ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratios of the Os-rich alloys enclosed in the chromitites define two clusters: 0.12645 ± 0.00004 (2 s; n = 145) and 0.12003 to 0.12194. The ultra-depleted dunites have much lower ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os (0.11754, 0.11815), and the harzburgites show a wider range from 0.12107 to 0.12612. The average isotopic composition of the chromitites (¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os: 0.12337 ± 0.00001) is low compared with the carbonaceous chondrite value (¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os: 0.1260 ± 0.0013) and lower than the average value measured for podiform chromitites worldwide (0.12809 ± 0.00085). In contrast, the basalts have higher ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os, ranging from 0.20414 to 0.38067, while the plagioclase-bearing harzburgite and cumulates show intermediate values of ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os (0.12979 ~ 0.14206). Correspondingly, the basalts have the highest ¹⁸⁷Re/¹⁸⁸Os ratios, up to 45.4 ± 3.2, and the chromites have the lowest ¹⁸⁷Re/¹⁸⁸Os ratios, down to 0.00113 ± 0.00008. We suggest that melts/fluids, derived from the subducting slab, triggered partial melting in the overlying mantle wedge and added significant amounts of radiogenic Os to the peridotites. Mass-balance calculations indicate that a melt/mantle ratio of approximately 15:1 (melt: ¹⁸⁷Re/¹⁸⁸Os: 45.4, ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os: 0.34484; mantle peridotite: ¹⁸⁷Re/¹⁸⁸Os: 0.0029, ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os: 0.11754) is necessary to increase the Os isotopic composition of the chromitite deposits to its observed average value. This value implies a surprisingly low average melt/mantle ratio during the formation of the chromitite deposits. The percolating melts probably were of variable isotopic composition. However, in the chromitite pods the Os from many melts was pooled and homogenized, which is why the chromitite deposits show such a small variation in their Os isotopic composition. The results of this study suggest that the ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratios of chromitites may not be representative of the DMM, but only reflect an upper limit. Importantly, the Os-isotope compositions of chromitites strongly suggest that such deposits can be formed by melt/mantle mixing processes.     

古老大陆岩石圈地幔再循环与蛇绿岩中铬铁矿床成因

不同地区、不同时代蛇绿岩中不同类型铬铁矿岩的Re-Os同位素研究表明,在铬铁矿石或围岩中均存在极度亏损的具有大陆岩石圈地幔属性的物质。新疆达拉布特古生代蛇绿岩带中萨尔托海富Al铬铁矿岩的Os同位素组成为0.1109～0.1256,对应的模式年龄为3.5～0.6Ga;西藏班公湖—怒江中生代蛇绿岩带中东巧富Cr铬铁矿石及围岩Os同位素组成介于0.1175～0.1261,对应的模式年龄为1.5～0.1Ga;雅鲁藏布江中生代蛇绿岩带中罗布莎富Cr铬铁矿岩的Os同位素变化范围为0.1038～0.1266,对应的模式年龄为3.37～0.28Ga,而该带中不含矿的泽当二辉橄榄岩的Os同位素组成为0.1256～0.1261,没有古老大陆岩石圈地幔属性的物质存在,与新特提斯洋地幔Os组成较为接近。推测在蛇绿岩形成过程中,古老大陆岩石圈地幔参与循环有利于形成铬铁矿床,明确提出"熔体与古老大陆岩石圈地幔反应成矿"的假说,指出蛇绿岩带中存在的古老微陆块可能是找矿的指示标志。     

Geochronology and geochemistry of the Cambrian (~518 Ma) Chagantaolegai ophiolite in northern West Junggar (NW China): constraints on spatiotemporal characteristics of the Chingiz–Tarbagatai megazone

The Chingiz–Tarbagatai megazone is a well-known early Palaeozoic unit in eastern Kazakhstan that extends into northern West Junggar along the Tarbagatai–Xiemisitai–Sharbuti Mountains. Here, we report new geochronological and geochemical data for the Chagantaolegai ophiolite, discovered in the south Xiemisitai Mountains, north of the Heshituoluogai Valley in West Junggar. The laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry zircon U–Pb ages of a gabbro in the Chagantaolegai ophiolite are 517 ± 3 and 519 ± 3 Ma, corresponding to the early to middle Cambrian. Serpentinized peridotites in the ophiolite show low rare earth element (REE) abundances (0.61–0.94 μg/g) and slight loss of middle REEs. Chagantaolegai metagabbro samples have flat to very slightly depleted patterns in light REEs, with a narrow range of REE abundances. The Chagantaolegai spilites and metagabbros display similar flat patterns, which show a geochemical signature similar to mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) between Yb and Zr, and diverge from MORB towards the most incompatible elements in MORB-normalized multi-element diagrams. The Th/Yb vs. Nb/Yb diagram for the spilite samples also suggests a mid-ocean ridge (MOR) setting. To summarize, all the geochemical characteristics of the Chagantaolegai ophiolite point to MOR ophiolite. The positive ε_Nd(t) values (0.78 to +9.85) suggest that the gabbros and spilites were derived from a depleted mantle source with chemical inhomogeneity. The Chagantaolegai ophiolite spatiotemporal characteristics correlate well with the Kujibai and Hongguleleng ophiolites in the northern part of West Junggar, and the Zhaur and Balkybek ophiolites in eastern Kazakhstan. These data show that early Palaeozoic oceanic crust started to develop in the early to middle Cambrian in northern West Junggar. Stratigraphic correlations also suggest that the South Saur Fault and an inferred fault buried in the Heshituoluogai depression are the northern and southern boundary of the Chingiz–Tarbagatai megazone, respectively.     

Mineralogy,geochemistry, and geotectonic significance of the Neoproterozoic ophiolite of Wadi Arais area,south Eastern Desert,Egypt

ABSTRACT

The dismembered ophiolites in Wadi Arais area of the south Eastern Desert of Egypt are one of a series of Neoproterozoic ophiolites found within the Arabian–Nubian Shield (ANS). We present new major, trace, and rare earth element analyses and mineral composition data from samples of the Wadi Arais ophiolitic rocks with the goal of constraining their geotectonic setting. The suite includes serpentinized ultramafics (mantle section) and greenschist facies metagabbros (crustal section). The major and trace element characteristics of the metagabbro unit show a tholeiitic to calc-alkaline affinity. The serpentinized ultramafics display a bastite, or less commonly mesh, texture of serpentine minerals reflecting harzburgite and dunite protoliths, and unaltered relics of olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, and chrome spinel can be found. Bulk-rock chemistry confirms harzburgite as the main protolith. The high Mg# (91.93–93.15) and low Al₂O₃/SiO₂ ratios (0.01–0.02) of the serpentinized peridotite, together with the high Cr# (>0.6) of their Cr-spinels and the high NiO contents (0.39–0.49 wt.%) of their olivines, are consistent with residual mantle rocks that experienced high degrees of partial melt extraction. The high Cr# and low TiO₂ contents (0.02–0.34 wt.%) of the Cr-spinels are most consistent with modern highly refractory fore-arc peridtotites and suggest that these rocks probably developed in a supra-subduction zone environment.     

Middle Jurassic subduction-related ophiolite fragment in Triassic accretionary complex (Mamu Dağı ophiolite,Northern Turkey)

ABSTRACT

The Mamu Da?? ophiolite, ca. 13 km long and 5 km across (Tokat, Sakarya Zone), consists of peridotites, pyroxenites, gabbros, and basalts, which are crosscut by dolerite dykes. These rocks show variable degrees of serpentinization and alteration. Gabbroic rocks consisting of plagioclase + clinopyroxene ± orthopyroxene ± olivine ± amphibole ± sphene ± opaque minerals have commonly the ophitic and the cumulate textures. Similar mineral paragenesis is observed in the basalts and the dolerites, which are commonly characterized by the sub-ophitic and the microlitic porphyric textures.

Primitive mantle-normalized rare earth and trace element diagrams of gabbros and basalts display subduction-related geochemical characteristics such as high Th concentrations, negative Nb, Zr, and Ti anomalies. Some of the gabbros are interpreted to be the cumulate rocks. They have mostly positive europium anomaly (Eu/Eu* 1.77–0.83) and relatively low SiO₂ and incompatible element (e.g. Zr, Ti) contents. The initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd values of gabbro/dolerite and basalt samples vary between 0.7036 and 0.7049, between 0.51259 and 0.51278, respectively. The isotope data and the whole rock geochemistry suggest that the Mamu Da?? ophiolite was derived from a mantle source that was affected by the subduction component rather than MORB or depleted mantle source.

Hornblendes from a gabbro sample of the Mamu Da?? ophiolite yielded ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar plateau age of 159 ± 1 Ma. This age data is similar to those of many ophiolites located along the ?zmir-Ankara-Erzincan suture zone but is different from the ages reported for the Tokat Massif.