鄂尔多斯盆地东缘奥陶系马家沟组四段豹斑状云质灰岩特征及成因: 以关家崖剖面为例*

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘中奥陶统马家沟组发育豹斑状云质灰岩,因其分布广泛、成因复杂以及具有重要的油气储集意义而长期受到关注。文中以山西省兴县关家崖剖面马家沟组四段顶部为例,依据宏观、微观岩石学特征,结合碳氧稳定同位素、原位激光剥蚀的微量稀土元素等地球化学分析手段,分析了豹斑状云质灰岩的特征及其成因。研究表明,豹斑状云质灰岩的特征为: (1)常发育于(含颗粒)泥晶灰岩中,且向上白云石化程度增强,云质斑块内常伴有针状或板条状石膏假晶;(2)按产状可大致分为水平、斜交和不规则花斑3种类型,分别对应于向上变浅序列的下部、中部和上部,序列顶部多见近原地角砾化;(3)基质灰岩与云质斑块的δ¹³C、δ¹⁸O值较同期海水略显负偏,顶部不规则云质斑块负偏程度最大;(4)“豹斑”与基质灰岩均具有较低的Mn、Sr、Ba等含量和低Mn/Sr值;(5)“豹斑”的ΣREE含量较基质灰岩略低,且皆表现为轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损的稀土配分模式,δCe微弱负异常,δEu无异常。依据上述结果,推测关家崖剖面马四段豹斑状云质灰岩产状受到生物扰动和高频海平面驱动的早成岩期岩溶耦合控制,序列由下至上耦合改造由弱变强,形成下—中部以岩溶影响较小的水平和斜交虫迹为特征、上部叠合岩溶强改造形成不规则花斑的垂向序列组合;早成岩期的暴露岩溶不仅叠合改造生物潜穴,而且蒸发浓缩的有限重卤水沿叠合优势通道优先交代孔渗条件更好的区域,至埋藏时期白云石化作用进一步加强,从而形成了区内类型多样的豹斑状云质灰岩。研究结果还揭示出沉积期微地貌控制的早成岩期岩溶作用是马四段这类特殊的豹斑状云质灰岩或豹斑状云岩储集层形成的关键,且在很大程度上控制了这类储集层的分布,这一认识可为高频暴露驱动的早成岩期岩溶研究提供新的材料。     

裂变径迹热年代学在珠江口盆地渐新统珠海组物源分析中的应用*

渐新统珠海组是南海北部珠江口盆地的主要储集层发育层位之一,但其物源区位置、沉积物搬运路径等关键问题仍存在争议。为此,选取珠江口盆地不同构造单元3口关键井珠海组上段砂岩样品开展锆石裂变径迹(ZFT)、磷灰石裂变径迹(AFT)热年代学研究,进而开展珠海组物源分析。盆地西部西江凹陷XJ28井与白云凹陷LW3井ZFT、AFT年龄组分相似,包含晚三叠世的ZFT年龄组分,且ZFT、AFT主要年龄组分分别为白垩纪、古新世;盆地东部陆丰凹陷的LF7井ZFT、AFT年龄组分明显比前2口井偏年轻,ZFT主要年龄组分为古新世。3口井的ZFT、AFT年龄组成表明其珠海组上段物源均主要来自珠江口盆地北侧的华南地块,但盆地西部与东部显示出明显的物源差异。盆地西部XJ28井以及LW3井物源特征总体一致,均由古珠江水系供源,其物源以珠江流域中生代花岗岩为主,还包括华南地块腹地的中生代沉积岩。盆地东部LF7井的物源主要为陆丰凹陷北侧的沿海中生代花岗岩,物源组成相对简单,沉积物搬运距离相对较短。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东胜富氦气田成藏特征及其大地构造背景*

近年来,在鄂尔多斯盆地北缘东胜气田上古生界天然气中发现伴生的氦气,含量分布在0.045%~0.487%范围内,具有工业价值,其三级储量约为8.3亿立方米,为一特大型含氦—富氦天然气田。东胜气田氦气属于典型的壳源氦,来源于基底的太古界—元古界变质岩—花岗岩系,富集与燕山期以来的岩浆侵入、断裂活动有关。东胜气田具备有利的氦气成藏地质条件,伴生氦气与烃类气具有异源同储成藏特征,剖析其成藏主控因素为: 基底富U、Th岩石发育是基础,断裂活动是核心,储盖圈保条件是必备,时空配置是关键,其中早白垩世是最重要的一期构造—岩浆热事件,深源岩浆活动导致的深部物质和热能的大规模上涌是中生代流体成藏(矿)的有利地球动力学背景,控制了鄂尔多斯盆地石炭系—二叠系煤系烃源岩大规模生气。断裂活动和圈闭形成与上古生界天然气、氦气聚集成藏具有良好的时空配置关系,与华北克拉通破坏过程耦合。鄂尔多斯地块在早白垩世至中新世深部热流体对盆地发生的多期岩浆活动、基底断裂活化及浅部断裂活动具有明显的控制作用,同时也对石炭系—二叠系煤系烃源岩成烃成藏具有重要的控制作用。     

塔里木盆地中石化探区含氦气藏资源调查研究*

为了对塔里木盆地中石化探区含氦气藏资源进行调查研究,在广泛调研前人氦气研究成果的基础上,采集了塔里木盆地中石化探区9个井区、6个层系的22个天然气样品,利用质谱法对天然气中的氦气含量进行分析,并探讨了不同地区氦气成藏的主控因素。结果表明,巴什托地区BK3井巴楚组天然气2个样品氦气含量为0.103%、0.116%,达到了含氦气藏的标准; 顺北地区奥陶系6个天然气样品氦气含量在0.026%~0.151%之间,仅1个样品达到含氦气标准。塔北地区寒武系—古近系32个天然气样品的氦气含量在0.01%~0.08%之间,均未达到含氦气标准。塔里木盆地氦气成藏主要受氦源、深大通源断裂、成藏期次、保存条件等因素共同控制。巴什托地区、顺北地区是氦气的有利聚集区带,塔北地区氦气成藏条件相对不利。     

鄂尔多斯盆地靖边油田大路沟区长2油藏成藏特征

综合利用烃源岩地球化学、薄片分析、常规物性、测井曲线、流体包裹体及试油等资料, 研究了鄂尔多斯盆地靖边油田大路沟区长2油藏油源条件、储层特征、成藏年代及油气富集规律. 结果表明: 大路沟区发育长7优质烃源岩, 黑色页岩有机碳平均为4.57%, 有机质类型为以生油为主的Ⅰ—Ⅱ₁型, 并已达到大量生油阶段, 可为长2油藏的形成提供物质基础. 长2油层组河道砂坝砂体储层物性较好, 面孔率平均高达11.4%, 储油能力强. 长2油藏类型为构造-岩性复合型, 具有油水界面; 矿物颗粒内流体包裹体均一温度揭示出油藏主要形成于早白垩世中晚期, 时间约为115 Ma; 长2油藏分布和富集主要受圈闭发育位置与规模、储盖层有效配置及储层物性的综合控制. 该研究可为靖边油田长2油藏的勘探部署提供地质依据.     

Monocotyledon-like Leaves from the Middle Jurassic of East Siberia (Russia)

Leaf fragments of Herbifolia antiqua A. Frolov et Enushchenko gen. et sp. nov. from the Middle Jurassic (Aalenian) of the Irkutsk Coal Basin (Eastern Siberia, Russia) are reported. The following features are characteristic of H. antiqua gen. et sp. nov.: the presence of leaf sheaths, linear smooth-edged leaves with parallel venation, anastomoses between the veins, anomocytic stomata, rhomb-shaped ordinary epidermal cells. Such a combination of characters is widespread in modern monocotyledonous plants and is absent in fossil and modern cryptogam and gymnosperms. Due to the lack of evidence of an enclosed ovule in H. antiqua gen. et sp. nov.we attribute it to a typological angiosperm, based on its unique leaf structure characteristic of monocotyledons. The leaf epidermal structure of Herbifolia gen. nov. is most similar to those of modern Asparagales and Liliales.     

Differential Thermal Regimes of the Tarim and Sichuan Basins in China: Implications for Hydrocarbon Generation and Conservation

The uncertainty surrounding the thermal regimes of the ultra-deep strata in the Tarim and Sichuan basins, China, is unfavorable for further hydrocarbon exploration. This study summarizes and contrasts the present-day and paleo heat flow, geothermal gradient and deep formation temperatures of the Tarim and Sichuan basins. The average heat flow of the Tarim and Sichuan basins are 42.5 ± 7.6 mW/m2 and 53.8 ± 7.6 mW/m2, respectively, reflecting the characteristics of ‘cold’ and ‘warm’ basins. The geothermal gradient with unified depths of 0–5,000 m, 0–6,000 m and 0–7,000 m in the Tarim Basin are 21.6 ± 2.9 °C/km, 20.5 ± 2.8 °C/km and 19.6 ± 2.8 °C/km, respectively, while the geothermal gradient with unified depths of 0–5,000 m, 0–6,000m and 0–7,000 m in the Sichuan Basin are 21.9 ± 2.3 °C/km, 22.1 ± 2.5 °C/km and 23.3 ± 2.4 °C/km, respectively. The differential change of the geothermal gradient between the Tarim and Sichuan basins with depth probably results from the rock thermal conductivity and heat production rate. The formation temperatures at depths of 6,000 m, 7,000 m, 8,000 m, 9,000 m and 10,000 m in the Tarim Basin are 80°C–190°C, 90°C–220°C, 100°C–230°C, 110°C–240°C and 120°C–250°C, respectively, while the formation temperatures at depths of 6,000 m, 7,000 m, 8,000 m and 9,000 m in the Sichuan Basin are 120°C–200°C, 140°C–210°C, 160°C–260°C and 180°C–280°C, respectively. The horizontal distribution pattern of the ultra-deep formation temperatures in the Tarim and Sichuan basins is mainly affected by the basement relief, fault activity and hydrothermal upwelling. The thermal modeling revealed that the paleo-heat flow in the interior of the Tarim Basin decreased since the early Cambrian with an early Permian abrupt peak, while that in the Sichuan Basin experienced three stages of steady state from Cambrian to early Permian, rapidly rising at the end of the early Permian and declining since the late Permian. The thermal regime of the Sichuan Basin was always higher than that of the Tarim Basin, which results in differential oil and gas generation and conservation in the ultra-deep ancient strata. This study not only promotes theoretical development in the exploration of ultra-deep geothermal fields, but also plays an important role in determining the maturation phase of the ultra-deep source rocks and the occurrence state of hydrocarbons in the Tarim and Sichuan basins.     

Anatomical Study of Cretaceous, Permineralized, Bennettitalean Fossils from Heilongjiang Province, NE China

Well-preserved Cretaceous trunk fragments of Cycadeoidea (Cycadeoidaceae) were recently found in Keshan County, Heilongjiang Province, Northeast China. These fossils represent important evidence of the distribution of this group of plants in East Asia. In these trunk fragments, the stem cortices and leaf bases with cones are preserved. The leaf bases are rhombic with cones infrequently distributed among leaf bases. The cortex is broad and consists of fundamental parenchyma cells, numerous secretory ducts and C-shaped leaf traces with adaxial secondary xylem and abaxial secondary phloem. The genus Cycadeoidea, which is widely distributed in the Cretaceous deposits of East Asia, North America and Western Europe, was an important component of Cretaceous floras. Bennettitalean trunk fossils with well-preserved anatomical structures are rarely known from China. These fossils are important for studies of the evolution of genus Cycadeoidea and for stratigraphic correlation.     

Experimental Simulation Study of the Dominant Enrichment Area of Terrestrial Organic Matter in the Shallow-Delta Sedimentary System of the Yacheng Formation in the Qiongdongnan Basin

Shallow-delta sedimentary systems receive both terrestrial and marine organic matter. As oil and gas exploration activities determine that the source rocks of the deep-water area of the Qiongdongnan Basin, northern South China Sea, are generally rich in and even dominated by terrestrial organic matter, this has led many researchers to examine the rules governing terrestrial organic matter enrichment in shallow-delta sea sedimentary systems. However, the deep burial of source rocks in deep-water areas and the relatively small amount of drilling undertaken have greatly restricted the study of these rules. In this study, the ‘forward modeling’ research method was used to observe and analyze the deposition and preservation of terrestrial organic matter through flume experiments, where the depositional results were carefully depicted and sampled. The total organic carbon content of selected samples was measured and when combined with qualitative observations and quantitative comparison results, the dominant enrichment areas of terrestrial organic matter were identified. The experimental results show that the overbank parts of the delta front, the dune countercurrent surface, the low-lying parts, the delta front slope area and the shallow-prodelta sea area are where terrestrial organic matter is predominantly enriched. This provides an important basis and guidance for the prediction of the development areas of marine source rocks with terrestrial input in the deep-water areas of the Qiongdongnan Basin.     

Tooth Plates of Ceratodus (Dipnoi, Ceratodontidae) from the Upper Jurassic Shaximiao Formation of Guang’an, Sichuan Province, China

Ceratodus is a form genus of ceratodontid lungfishes. Until now, only 14 specimens have been reported from the Mesozoic of China. Detailed measurements and characteristic comparisons based on 15 well-preserved lungfish tooth plates of Ceratodus type, uncovered from the upper member of the Upper Jurassic Shaximiao Formation at Luojiashan, Qianfeng District, Guang''an, Sichuan Province in 2019, allow us to establish a new species, Ceratodus guanganensis sp. nov., on the basis of its small swollen irregular triangular tooth plate with four low and swollen radial crests on the occlusal surface without denticles. Other specimens from the same locality can be referred to C. szechuanensis and C. youngi. This is the first discovery of Ceratodus in the Guang''an region and represents the fifth Ceratodus fossil site in the Sichuan Basin. The discovery indicates that the climate was hot and arid in the Sichuan Basin during the Late Jurassic, and reveals a tectonic paleogeographic relationship between the Yangtze block in southwestern China and the Kola Basin in northern Thailand.