关于敦化盆地下白垩统的讨论

前人根据敦化盆地的地层的地层,认为该盆地下白垩统为河流—湖泊相碎屑岩。通过对新钻的敦参1井岩屑录井资料的分析、对16条二维地震资料的层位标定与追踪,以及对敦化盆地早白垩世盆地演化阶段的分析,得到了以下主要结论:1)敦化盆地下白垩统可能有两种分布形态,在盆地的主体部位,以浅变质岩形态存在,而在其他部位则以正常沉积岩形态零星存在;2)敦化盆地白垩系的分布规模不大,夹持于一个北北东向的狭窄长槽内;3)敦化盆地早白垩世处于裂谷盆地发展的初始张裂阶段;4)敦化盆地下白垩统不宜作为勘探目的层。     

鄂尔多斯盆地侏罗纪西界分析

鄂尔多斯盆地西界,特别是其早—中侏罗世盆地西界,由于不同期次、不同性质的构造相互叠加而模糊不清,究竟是在贺兰山以西还是现在银川盆地以东的问题,至今尚无共识,极大地影响着矿产资源的评价和找矿战略的部署。本文在前人工作的基础上,通过针对性的野外工作,分析和筛分了不同时期的古构造,探讨了晚侏罗世和早—中侏罗世盆地的西界。文章认为,鄂尔多斯盆地西部巨大的近南北向挤压构造形成于晚侏罗世,而东西向的挤压构造则出现于晚三叠世。两期方向截然不同的挤压构造相互叠加,构成了鄂尔多斯盆地西部复杂的叠加构造和不规则的盆地西界。晚期挤压构造较为清晰,表现为近南北向的逆冲推覆构造带和纵贯盆地南北的“古脊梁”,使盆地西界退缩到桌子山东麓断裂、横山堡—磁窑堡断褶带以及马儿庄冲断裂和崆峒山断裂以东。早期挤压构造受后期构造的叠加改造,断断续续,时隐时现。近东西向挤压构造受古亚洲域的影响,是印支运动的产物,近南北向挤压构造转受滨太平洋域的作用,是燕山运动的表现。在古亚洲域向太平洋域转换过程中的早—中侏罗世,鄂尔多斯盆地西部出现了近东西向的拉张伸展,在盆地内部表现为近东西向隆起凹陷的古地形,使盆地西缘波状弯曲,而非平直,“银川古隆起”和“汝箕沟—鄂尔多斯盆地”两者并存,并不矛盾。早—中侏罗世盆地西界可能远至阿拉善地块。上述中生代构造又经新生代构造改造,变得更加复杂多样,甚至面目全非。如不注意构造筛分,中生代构造乃至盆地边界的研究就会被误导,从而得出错误结论。     

大型凹陷向斜区油气倒灌式成藏——以松辽盆地三肇凹陷扶杨油层为例

三肇凹陷扶杨油层为典型大型凹陷向斜区油气倒灌式成藏,利用300条地震剖面、825口井曲线、11口井岩芯和探评井试油资料对扶杨油层断层特征及运动期次、油气下排深度、储层沉积特征等油气成藏主控因素综合研究表明：T2断层受控于基底断层、下部火山口、斜向拉张和伸展量差异四种因素具有平面密集成带、剖面“似花状”组合特征,且油气成藏期活动的油源断层多数为断层密集带边界断层;理论计算超压驱动油气下排深度和实际油底包络面统计扶杨油层含油厚度约为200m;重矿物分析扶杨油层主要受北部拜泉—青冈和西南保康物源影响,两物源在徐家围子地区交汇后向东流出;沉积微相揭示扶杨油层发育向上逐渐退积的河控浅水三角洲沉积体系,顶部为三角洲前缘亚相,中—下部为三角洲分流平原亚相,其中扶Ⅰ7—扶Ⅱ1小层为水退最大期,是油气富集主要层位。明水组末期青山口组源岩达到生油高峰,油气在超压作用下沿开启的断层密集带边界断层幕式下排后沿两侧上升盘河道砂体做短距离侧向运移,即断层密集带两侧地垒或断阶块为油气富集区,而断层密集带内多为地堑式组合,不利于油气聚集,在成藏模式指导下刻画出47个油气富集目标区,为松辽盆地北部扶杨油层下一步的勘探与开发指明了方向。     

新疆晚古生代裂谷中同生断裂的控矿问题

新疆晚古生代裂谷中同生断裂具有明显的控矿作用,体现出"三同一体"和多组断裂构造交会的区域构造特征.以构造的不同级别、期次,对矿带、矿田、矿床予以控制,在构造交会和构造复合地段使矿田或矿床就位.由于构造的近等距性发育,从而制约矿田或矿床的近等距分布,更由于裂谷同生断裂的多次开合和地质动力性质转换,形成了多层次、多形式、多矿种、多类型、且具有矿种分带性的综合矿产链.     

Estimating economic losses of midrise reinforced concrete shear wall buildings in sedimentary basins by combining empirical and simulated seismic hazard characterizations

Studies of recorded ground motions and simulations have shown that deep sedimentary basins can greatly increase the intensity of earthquake ground motions within a period range of approximately 1–4 s, but the economic impacts of basin effects are uncertain. This paper estimates key economic indicators of seismic performance, expressed in terms of earthquake‐induced repair costs, using empirical and simulated seismic hazard characterizations that account for the effects of basins. The methodology used is general, but the estimates are made for a series of eight‐ to 24‐story residential reinforced concrete shear wall archetype buildings in Seattle, WA, whose design neglects basin effects. All buildings are designed to comply with code‐minimum requirements (i.e., reference archetypes), as well as a series of design enhancements, which include (a) increasing design forces, (b) decreasing drift limits, and (c) a combination of these strategies. As an additional reference point, a performance‐based design is also assessed. The performance of the archetype buildings is evaluated for the seismic hazard level in Seattle according to the 2018 National Seismic Hazard Model (2018 NSHM), which explicitly considers basin effects. Inclusion of basin effects results in an average threefold increase in annualized losses for all archetypes. Incorporating physics‐based ground motion simulations to represent the large‐magnitude Cascadia subduction interface earthquake contribution to the hazard results in a further increase of 22% relative to the 2018 NSHM. The most effective of the design strategies considered combines a 25% increase in strength with a reduction in drift limits to 1.5%.     

Mapping mineralogy in evaporite basins through time using multispectral Landsat data: Examples from the Bonneville basin,Utah, USA

The Bonneville basin, located in north-western Utah, is a vast evaporite basin which is home to the world-renowned Bonneville Salt Flats international speedway and is a highly valued landscape undergoing rapid change and anthropogenic influence. Air quality, snowpack, the local hydrological system, and state tourism are all impacted by the nature of the surface sediments exposed in the Bonneville basin. Mapping the Bonneville basin over time with remote sensing methods provides insight into the dynamics and impacts of the changing surface landscape. Utilizing the Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) and Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) sensors, a set of band math indices are empirically established to map the predominant halite, gypsum, and carbonates mineralogical zones of the Bonneville basin. Spectral comparisons of representative samples from the study area and image-derived spectra indicate the halite of the Bonneville basin is wet and that gypsum deposits are slightly mixed with halite. The established indices are assessed in four ways, all of which support the ability of the indices to accentuate the associated mineralogical endmembers. Two study areas within the Bonneville basin are investigated temporally from 1986, 1995, 2005, and 2016 and show changing patterns in mineral distribution that align with surface processes active through these timescales. These indices provide a resource for mapping mineralogy though time in evaporite basins globally with diverse applications for questions about land use and environmental change.     

Role of reservoir regulation and groundwater feedback in a simulated ground-soil-vegetation continuum: A long-term regional scale analysis

The regional terrestrial water cycle is strongly altered by human activities. Among them, reservoir regulation is a way to spatially and temporally allocate water resources in a basin for multi-purposes. However, it is still not sufficiently understood how reservoir regulation modifies the regional terrestrial- and subsequently, the atmospheric water cycle. To address this question, the representation of reservoir regulation into the terrestrial component of fully coupled regional Earth system models is required. In this study, an existing process-based reservoir network module is implemented into NOAH-HMS, that is, the terrestrial component of an atmospheric–hydrologic modelling system, namely, the WRF-HMS. It allows to quantitatively differentiate role of reservoir regulation and of groundwater feedback in a simulated ground-soil-vegetation continuum. Our study focuses on the Poyang Lake basin, where the largest freshwater lake of China and reservoirs of different sizes are located. As compared to streamflow observations, the newly extended NOAH-HMS slightly improves the streamflow and streamflow duration curves simulation for the Poyang Lake basin for the period 1979–1986. The inclusion of reservoir regulation leads to major changes in the simulated groundwater recharges and evaporation from reservoirs at local scale, but has minor effects on the simulated soil moisture and surface runoff at basin scale. The performed groundwater feedback sensitivity analysis shows that the strength of the groundwater feedback is not altered by the consideration of reservoir regulation. Furthermore, both reservoir regulation and groundwater feedback modify the partitioning of the simulated evapotranspiration, thus affecting the atmospheric water cycle in the Poyang Lake region. This finding motivates future research with our extended fully coupled atmospheric–hydrologic modelling system by the community.     

二维梯形沉积盆地放大效应的数值模拟研究

盆地效应作为场地效应的一种特殊类型,其对地震动的影响仍在持续研究当中。建立二维梯形沉积盆地模型,模型边界采用透射人工边界,利用显式有限元法作为求解方法。根据Buckingham提出的π定理定义了多个影响盆地效应的无量纲参数,包括盆地深宽比、介质波速比、盆地深度与入射波长之比、盆地开口宽度与入射波长之比。以Ricker子波作为输入波,研究SH波垂直入射盆地模型时,以上无量纲参数对盆地放大效应的影响。研究发现盆地深宽比越大盆地诱发的聚焦效应越明显,盆地深宽比越小盆地边缘效应越明显。在盆地的深宽比和入射波确定时,随着盆地开口宽度与入射波长之比不断增大盆地的最值放大系数逐渐从盆地中心移向盆地边缘,表现出越来越明显的边缘放大效应。其中波速比差异对放大系数的影响最大,波速比差异越大介质的波阻抗比越大,放大效应越显著。通过将影响盆地放大效应的参数无量纲化,使梯形盆地对地震动放大效应的研究的结论更具有普遍意义。     

塔北、塔中地区碳酸盐岩及其原油中的二苯并噻吩类化合物

塔里木盆地塔北、塔中地区四口井(库南1井,轮南46井,塔中12井和塔参1井)寒武-奥陶系12个碳酸盐岩烃源岩(泥灰岩,泥质灰岩和云岩)岩芯样品抽提物芳烃组分中的二苯并噻吩类化合物组成和丰度变化特征可分为三种类型:Ⅰ二苯并噻吩、甲基二苯并噻吩型;Ⅱ二苯并噻吩、甲基二苯并噻吩、二甲基二苯并噻吩+三甲基芴混合物型;Ⅲ二苯并噻吩、甲基二苯并噻吩、二甲基二苯并噻吩和三甲基二苯并噻吩型。研究的塔北、塔中隆起11个海相油二苯并噻吩类化合物分布类型均为二苯并噻吩、甲基二苯并噻吩、二甲基二苯并噻吩和三甲基二苯并噻吩型,和海相烃源岩二苯并噻吩类化合物第Ⅲ种分布类型完全相同。据此推断:塔北隆起8个海相油可能主要来源于塔北轮南地区下奥陶统;塔中隆起3个海相油可能来源于塔中地区中-上奥陶统。     

松辽坳陷深水湖盆层序界面特征及低位域沉积模式

白垩系青山口组到嫩江组沉积时期,松辽盆地为深水坳陷湖盆,沿长轴方向为缓坡,而在短轴方向为陡坡。缓坡条件下,三级层序界面表现为沉积相带的迁移,地震剖面上的超削反射终止特征不明显,陡坡条件下,三级层序界面不仅表现为沉积相带的迁移,而且在地震剖面上的超削反射终止特征十分明显。在层序内部均可识别出低位域、水进域和高位域。在层序的低位域,沿盆地长轴方向,三角洲水下分流河道十分发育,在河口的前方形成分布较广、相对较薄的河口坝、远砂坝沉积及湖底扇;沿短轴方向,三角洲水下分流河道不发育,而发育河口坝和远砂坝,向湖区方向,过渡为前三角洲和深湖沉积,在前三角洲和深湖沉积区发育大量重力流成因的湖底扇。