长江下游宁镇地区晚中生代侵入岩：同位素年龄、地球化学特征与成因探讨

发育于长江中下游构造-岩浆-成矿带最东端宁镇地区的晚中生代中酸性-酸性侵入岩以富钠、高Sr和Ba、富集轻稀土元素,强烈亏损重稀土元素为特征,高场强元素Ti、Nb、Ta等表现出显著的负异常,岩石地球化学的总体特征类似于高Sr/Y的埃达克岩。但与长江中下游其他地区的高Sr/Y岩浆岩相比,宁镇地区的这些侵入岩体还表现出低的放射性成因Pb、更低的重稀土元素含量、相对高的MgO、Cr和Ni含量及Mg#值等特征,推测它们的形成过程是由(再)富集的上地幔物质部分熔融形成的岩浆与古老的大陆下地壳物质部分熔融形成的埃达克质岩浆混合,混合岩浆在演化过程中还经历过较强的矿物分离结晶作用以及一定程度的上地壳物质混染。该再富集事件的发生可能与俯冲的古太平洋板块部分熔融所析出的熔体(或流体)交代上覆的地幔楔有关,导致原已富集的陆下岩石圈地幔更进一步富集挥发分以及不相容元素,古老的富集地幔中所累积的放射性成因Sr、Nd同位素被"中和",该作用在长江中下游地区可能仅影响到最东段的宁镇地区,并没有波及到更靠内陆的其他地区。宁镇地区的这些埃达克岩侵位于100~108Ma的早白垩世末期,晚于长江中下游其他地区高Sr/Y岩体长达30Ma左右,其间存在着较长时间的岩浆活动静止期,意味着它们可能形成于不同的动力学背景。后者的形成可能与区内印支期—早燕山期陆内挤压造山后的应力松池,加厚的大陆下地壳及其富集的岩石圈地幔发生拆沉和部分熔融有关,这种发生在长江中下游广大地区的岩石圈减薄事件可能并没有波及到最东段的宁镇地区。而前者可能与早白垩世末期—晚白垩世初期,太平洋板块相对亚洲大陆板块运动方向发生了改变,中国东部大陆边缘进入拉张-裂解的构造环境有关,但其效应在长江中下游地区可能主要影响到了最东段的宁镇地区,其他地区对这次构造变动并没有产生明显的岩浆活动。     

黔西北及邻区安尼阶底界锆石U- Pb定年及对生物复苏的启示

我国西南地区广泛分布着中-下三叠统海相(包括盆地相、斜坡相及台地相)沉积地层和多层凝灰岩。通过采用锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年方法,对黔西地区沙窝剖面和彝良柳溪剖面中/下三叠统界线上凝灰岩首次进行了锆石微区同位素定年,分别获得界线年龄为247.2±2.4Ma (2σ, MSWD=0.85)和247.4±1.4Ma (2σ,MSWD=0.51),界定了"黔中隆起"及北部坳陷区中/下三叠统界线时限,此年龄结果与国际地层年代表(2018版)建议的奥伦尼克阶/安尼阶(Olenekian-Anisian)界线年龄247.2Ma以及贵州关刀剖面Olenekian-Anisian界线附近凝灰岩锆石TIMS年龄247.2±0.1Ma高度吻合。凝灰岩岩石地球化学特征显示出富集K_2O、MgO,具明显负铕异常的特征,其物源可能来自古特提斯洋俯冲作用形成的大陆岩浆弧。幕式的火山活动可能是导致早-中三叠世生态环境间歇性恶化和生物迟滞复苏的重要原因,而深化对三叠纪幕式岩浆活动的认识,为我国西南地区三叠纪地层划分对比、构造演化以及探索三叠纪生物复苏-辐射与生态系统协同演化等提供依据。     

基于二楔块法的加筋土挡墙屈服加速度及破坏模式极限分析

加筋土挡墙具有优越的抗震性能,并在土建工程中被广泛应用,因此,加筋土挡墙抗震设计方法的研究尤为重要。为了能够分析加筋体内部筋材布置方式、筋材抗拉强度等对屈服加速度的影响,假定破坏模式为双楔块模式,根据极限分析理论推导了加筋土挡墙屈服加速度系数表达式。与规范计算值相比,计算结果更接近模型测试值与数值模拟结果,同时计算方法可以反映模型的真实破坏模式。参数分析表明：屈服加速度随着筋材抗拉强度的增大而增大,特别是筋材长度较长时;随着筋材竖向间距的增大,屈服加速度逐渐减小;面板的宽度对屈服加速度几乎不产生影响;与面板宽度相比,筋材抗拉强度与竖向间距对加筋土挡墙破裂面形状的影响更大。     

鄂尔多斯盆地北部中生代中晚期地层碎屑锆石U-Pb定年与物源示踪

本文采用LA-ICP-MS碎屑锆石原位微区测年方法,对鄂尔多斯盆地北部杭锦旗地区中侏罗统直罗组和下白垩统志丹群进行了砂岩碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄分布及其变化特征研究,统计和对比了前人对该区周缘岩体的同位素年代学结果,结合区域构造背景,系统地研究了盆地北部直罗组及志丹群地层物源及其演变。结果表明:(1)4个直罗组样品和2个志丹群样品锆石年龄总体呈现出270~280Ma、320~340Ma、1800~2000Ma、2300~2500Ma 4个峰值年龄段,在志丹群样品中出现有少量230~240Ma锆石年龄;(2)杭锦旗地区上述砂岩的物源主要来自阴山、大青山—乌拉山的片麻岩、麻粒岩、孔兹岩以及形成于海西期的中酸性侵入岩,同时也有狼山地区岩体、集宁地区孔兹岩的一部分贡献;(3)1800~2000Ma、2300~2500Ma峰值年龄均为华北克拉通基底构造热事件的反映,270~280Ma、320~340Ma两个峰值年龄可能记录了早石炭世—中二叠世古亚洲洋向华北板块北缘的两次快速俯冲事件;(4)下白垩统志丹群样品中出现的230~240Ma的锆石,指示晚侏罗世的燕山运动在盆地北缘引起的强烈逆冲推覆造山作用使得印支期侵入岩被抬升至地表并遭受剥蚀,从而为研究区地层进一步增加了来自蚀源区印支期侵入岩的物源;(5)与中侏罗统直罗组样品相比,下白垩统志丹群样品在2300~2500Ma峰值测点所占比例明显增加,这可能是由于早白垩世时期盆地北部沉积边界较中侏罗世相对扩展,使来自阴山的物源比例增加。     

The provenance,petrology and sedimentology of building stone in Bromyard,Herefordshire, UK

A multi-disciplinary study was undertaken of the Lower Old Red Sandstone building stones of Bromyard, Bromyard Downs and Bringsty Common, Herefordshire, UK, to trace their original quarry sources. 196 stone structures were recorded in detail and 3 broad lithological groups recognised. Combining old maps, archival sources, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data and testimony of local residents, the historic quarries in the area have been mapped. Field studies of the geology of quarries and outcrops have established the area of origin of two distinctive coarse grained lithologies. Intraformational conglomerates have been demonstrated, with some confidence, to be derived from Bromyard itself. Coarse, pebbly, quartzose sandstones have been traced to Bringsty Common and shown to be used only in the church in Bromyard before the 20th century. The origins of fine grained sandstone are found to be more complex. Through a combination of fieldwork and archival research, Clater Park Quarry is indicated as the origin of high quality green sandstones in Bromyard. 15 samples of sandstone from the Bromyard Downs, have been petrographically analysed by point counting to determine their clastic and mineralogical proportions. Early results of this analysis are presented which show modal variation in lithics, feldspars and cements that may serve to link quarries to buildings. Finally, it is suggested that at least some of the diversity of stone present in Bromyard is the result of slight variation in depositional processes in the immediately underlying bedrock.     

Structural analysis of the Baolun gold deposit,Hainan Island,South China: Implications for metallogeny

The Baolun gold deposit is a mesothermal orogenic gold deposit located in the southwestern part of Hainan Island, South China. The deposit comprises a series of NNW-trending quartz-sulfide lodes situated within a parallel array of fault zones traversing a sequence of variably foliated flysch siliciclastic rocks of the Lower Silurian. Detailed field mapping documented at least five phases of deformation in the deposit including NNW-trending folding of the Lower Silurian rocks (D1), development of NNW-trending, steeply dipping ductile shear zones with an oblique dextral sense corresponding to NNE-SSW shortening (D2), WNW-ESE shortening and extension associated with an early oblique sinistral ductile shearing along the NNW-trending fault zones (D3), ENE-WSW shortening (D4), and near N-S extension (D5). The gold-bearing quartz lodes cut the strata folded in the D1, show some laminar layering related to ductile shear in the D2 and are overprinted by brittle structures formed in the D3 to D5. ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar dating on muscovite from an auriferous quartz lode yielded an age of 242 ± 2.5 Ma, which, together with the age of 232 ± 2.5 Ma for an aplite vein in the deposit, suggests that the mineralization may be related to a tectono-thermal event in the Triassic. In the context of the southern South China plate tectonics, the formation of the Baolun gold deposit is interpreted to be related to the oblique dextral ductile shearing (D2) along the NNW-trending fault zones during the Indosinian orogeny, in relation to the convergence between the Indochina and South China plates.     

Origin and geochemical evolution from ferrallitized clays to karst bauxite: An example from the Lower Cretaceous of NE Spain

Four outcrops of Lower Cretaceous (Barremian) karst bauxites located in Teruel (NE Spain) were analysed. The deposits show a heterogeneous-chaotic lithostructure consisting of pisolitic bauxite blocks embedded in lateritic red clays filling karst cavities. The research has focused on the geochemical study of major, minor, and trace elements (including some critical to industry) of both the bauxites and clays. The objective was to investigate the bauxite precursor material and to characterize the system’s geochemical evolution. Geochemical analyses were carried out by inductively-coupled plasma optical emission and mass spectroscopy. An absolute weathering index has been calculated to estimate element mobility, assuming Ti as an immobile element and the Upper Continental Crust (UCC) as parent material. Further, selected samples were observed by field emission scanning electron microscopy. The data indicate that both the bauxites and red clays originated by intense chemical weathering from more mafic argillaceous sediments than the UCC. Ongoing weathering caused the bauxitization of the upper parts of the original profile, preventing the lower parts from being bauxitized, thus producing the ferrallitized clays underlying the pisolitic bauxites. Subsequent karst reactivation gave rise to the current lithostructure. Ferrallitization is related to Fe, Sc, and V enrichment. On the other hand, although bauxites are relatively enriched in some elements compared to clays, the more intense chemical weathering associated with bauxitization led to chemical homogenization and widespread element depletion. During the bauxitization, Al, Ti, Zr, Cr, and probably Hf and the critical element Nb behaved as more immobile elements in the system. Bauxitization also enhanced homogenization and depletion of the REE, which is more pronounced for the LREE. HREE trends seem to be partly related to the concentration of Ti oxides in the bauxites, whereas P-bearing phases, more frequent in the clays, control the LREE. Subsequent to bauxitization, partial kaolinization of the bauxite took place related to the circulation of acid solutions that also caused the karst reactivation. These late processes caused some Al depletion in the bauxites and enhanced Fe loss together with V and, to a lesser extent, Ge.     

甘肃酒西盆地青西凹陷下白垩统下沟组湖相喷流岩物质组分与结构构造*

甘肃酒西盆地青西凹陷下白垩统下沟组广泛发育的暗色纹层状细粒岩,以其富含铁白云石、钠长石、重晶石、方沸石、黄铁矿和有机质,局部含有微量萤石、透闪石、石盐和呈碎屑状、浸染状产出的微量闪锌矿、黄铜矿、方铅矿等矿物组分吸引着众多沉积地质学家和石油地质学家的高度关注。在以往的研究中,大多数研究者认为此类细粒岩的成因与火山活动有关,将其确定为火山物质蚀变作用的产物。通过地质背景、物质组分、岩石结构构造、包裹体和地球化学特征的研究,提出此类细粒岩属于新型的湖相“白烟型”喷流岩,可识别出6种热水矿物组合、3种主要结构类型和4种常见的原生沉积构造。6种热水矿物组合包括: Ⅰ钠长石—铁白云石(或铁白云石—钠长石)组合,Ⅱ重晶石—钠长石—铁白云石组合,Ⅲ石英—重晶石—钠长石—铁白云石组合,Ⅳ石英—方沸石—钠长石—铁白云石组合,Ⅴ地开石—铁白云石组合,Ⅵ单一铁白云石组合。3种主要结构类型包括: ①泥晶—微晶结构,②内碎屑结构,③石盐假晶结构。4种常见的原生沉积构造包括: ⅰ纹层状和条带状构造,ⅱ网脉状充填构造,ⅲ旋涡状喷管结构,ⅳ同生变形层理结构。在物质组分和岩石结构分析的基础上,划分出网脉状充填型、水爆型、盆地沉积型和区域扩散型4种喷流岩产状类型,建立了下沟组湖相喷流岩分带性沉积模式,探讨了喷流岩研究意义。     

考虑土体抗拉强度的边坡永久位移极限分析

通过野外观测与室内试验发现,边坡后缘往往存在拉应力区。拉应力区的存在会影响边坡的稳定性,而地震荷载的存在会放大这种影响。分析拉应力区对边坡稳定性的影响,当前主要采用的方式为:对强度准则中抗拉强度进行折减（即张拉截断）。文章通过极限分析上限原理和拟静力法,推导出边坡临界加速度计算方程。以边坡在不同参数组合下的位移系数为基础,输入实测地震波,采用改进的Newmark法对边坡进行位移分析。文章算例的结果表明:拉应力区的存在会大大降低边坡临界加速度,土体在完全张拉截断下的临界加速度对边坡可能会产生超过50%的折减。拉应力区的存在也可以使永久位移达到传统的摩尔库伦理论计算值的2倍之多。文中所有的结果皆以图表形式展示,非常便于理解以及读取数据。      

渝东南地区石牛栏组稀土元素地球化学特征及地质意义

渝东南地区的下志留统石牛栏组作为重要的油气储集层,研究其古环境变化、物质来源及物源区构造背景具有重要意义。本文采用稀土元素总量w(ΣREE)、REE配分模式、以及w(ΣLREE)/w(ΣHREE)、w(La)_N/w(Yb)_N、w(Ce)_N/w(Yb)_N、w(La)_N/w(Sm)_N、w(Gd)_N/w(Yb)_N、δEu、δCe、Ce_(anom)等特征值研究方法,对渝东南下志留统石牛栏组典型剖面的稀土元素特征及古海洋环境和物源进行深入研究。结果表明:石牛栏组灰岩稀土元素总量略低于大陆地壳平均值,轻稀土较为富集,重稀土亏损,铕明显负异常,铈负异常较微弱。w(ΣREE)证实了石牛栏组的沉积水体由浅缓慢变深再急剧变浅的变化过程。Eu负异常、Ce负异常和C_(eanom)值均揭示石牛栏组沉积时期海水具有弱还原性。REE的分异程度反映了石牛栏组从沉积早期到沉积晚期,沉积速率总体降低。稀土元素的比值特征及w(ΣREE)—w(La)/w(Yb)图解表明其物源源自雪峰山隆起,源岩主要为沉积岩。