塔里木盆地西北缘中奥陶统、下志留统的空间分布特征及其相变的遥感分析

根据塔里木盆地西北缘中奥陶统和下志留统各组岩石的光谱特征分析，选择了ＴＭ３/１（Ｙ）２/３（Ｍ）７/５（Ｃ）减色比值合成影像对研究区岩石地层层序进行划分和对比，划分出Ｏ1₂、Ｏ2₂、Ｏ3₂、Ｓ1₁和Ｓ2₁等５个影像岩石地层单元，它们与研究区的岩性组一致，但其精度高于研究区１:２０万地质图。通过影像岩石地层的对比研究发现，研究区西部皮羌断裂以西在中奥陶世几乎未接受沉积，皮羌断裂以东出现了坎岭组，再往东至研究区东部，中奥陶统沉积较全；早志留世早期研究区西部沉积了海相红层，往研究区东部则相变为海相绿色地层。尤其是通过ＴＭ比值图像的分析，发现前人认为分布很局限，但具有很大生油潜力的印干组在研究区分布范围较广，并推断其沉积中心位于与研究区相邻的塔北隆起和北部坳陷一带。这为塔里木盆地油气评价和勘探提供了新的资料，并表明ＴＭ遥感数据的应用是沉积盆地油气勘探研究中的一种很有潜力技术方法。     

1823 年(清道光三年)我国特大水灾及影响

该文对道光三年（1823年）长江下游与华北的严重洪水概况及其对社会经济的影响作了初步探讨，并对这次洪水发生的原因及灾害形成的机制也作了分析，认为了解这次洪水及其产生的影响对于我国减灾战略的制订有重要参考价值。     

下扬子江苏地区P_n残差与上地幔波速各向异性

本文搜集江苏台网1982年-1987年2月间发生在江苏及其邻近地区103次地震的1047个P_n数据,经过静校正和质量分类,重新计算了震中距.选择灌云台为参考台,对一次地震的P_n数据,其它台均减去参考台的数据,成功地消除了与震源参数不确定有关的误差.处理中采用质量加权,获得了上地幔平均速度、大部分台P_n残差以及不同方位上P_n视速度估计值. 按Backus给出的波速各向异性的公式,求出江苏地区P_n速度与方位之间有2％左右的速度各向异性,最大方向和对称方向近南北,最小方向为北东东.推断其成因是由于白垩纪至第三纪期间壳下岩石圈北南向流变引起橄榄石晶体从优定向的结果.这为苏北盆地及下扬子碳酸盐岩地区地质构造形成发展动力学的建立提供了有利的深部依据.     

Possible impact of shallow interfluve traps on groundwater remediation

Shallow stratigraphic traps exist in certain geologic environments, which might complicate groundwater remediation efforts. Too often, pump-and-treat remediation wells are installed in geometric patterns designed to maximize cleanup operations. If, however, shallow stratigraphic traps are present, certain contaminants may be locally trapped and thus missed during cleanup operations. Alternatively, if shallow stratigraphic traps are delineated prior to location of cleanup wells, fewer wells may be needed for remediation. For example, a single well located at the trap apex, coupled with a single injection well, might be sufficient if: (1) all contaminants were contained in the trap, and (2) the trap was not laterally extensive. Interfluve stratigraphic traps are formed when braided outwash sands are subsequently covered by backswamp or lacustrine clay deposits. Such traps are common near-surface features of the valley train deposits of the Lower Mississippi River Valley and have relief of a few tens of centimeters to perhaps in excess of 10 m. Interfluve traps are also expected to commonly occur in many glaciated regions. Due to channel migration during backswamp clay deposition, and differing thicknesses of clay cover, it is unlikely that all interfluve traps can be delineated by a single method. Therefore, several geological techniques that might be useful in delineating shallow interfluve traps are briefly discussed here, as well as potential complications in using the described methods.     

京津地区长城系下伏变质岩系变质年龄及长城系底界年龄的厘定

长城系属中元古宇底部,其底界年龄一直存在争议。国内发表的数据在2000-1640Ma之间。通过分析以往数据,并据近年新资料,认为长城系底界年龄划在(1700±20)Ma是比较合理的。     

梵净山区新元古界下部喀斯特不整合的确认及其地质意义

本文描述了梵净山区新元古界下部鸟叶组与甲路组之间的喀斯特不整合的空间分布、地质特征，从而进一步确认了它的存在；指出该不整合是格林威尔碰撞造山之后强烈隆升的产物，代表了Rodinia超大陆在新元古代裂解前地壳经历的隆起并遭受剥蚀侵蚀的历程，从而对研究该时期地层的空间变异、沉积环境，特别是探讨Rodinia超大陆岩相演化都具有重要的科学意义。     

Dinocyst biostratigraphy of the Lower Cretaceous in North Siberia

The described scheme of the Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian-Barremian) stratigraphic subdivisions is elaborated based on palynological study of sections in the Khatanga depression, Ust-Yenisei region, Pur-Taz interfluve, and around the Ob River latitudinal segment, the North Siberia. Stratigraphic distribution of microphytoplankton studied in detail is used to distinguish 10 biostratigraphic units in the rank of dinocysts zones. Stratigraphic position of the zones is determined with confidence using data on the Lower Cretaceous reference sections in the Khatanga depression, which were principal ones by constructing the Boreal standard zonation. In majority, boundaries of the dinocysts beds are of a high correlation potential and can be regarded as reliable stratigraphic markers, as they are recognizable not only in Siberia, but also in northern Europe and America.     

Planetary waves in coupling the lower and upper atmosphere

The purpose of the paper is to answer the question if planetary waves (PW) are capable of propagating into the thermosphere. First the simplest vertical structure equation of the classic tidal theory accounting for a realistic vertical temperature profile is considered. Analysis and simulation show that the well-known normal atmospheric modes (NM), which are trapped in the lower and middle atmosphere, exhibit a wave-like vertical structure with a large vertical wavelength in the thermosphere. Moreover, the reflection of these modes from the vertical temperature gradient in the lower thermosphere causes appearance of the wave-energy upward flux in the middle atmosphere, and in a linearized formulation this flux is constant above the source region. To investigate a possibility of the NM forcing by stratospheric vacillations and to consider the propagation of different PW up to the heights of the upper thermosphere, a set of runs with a mechanistic Middle and Upper Atmosphere Model has been performed. The results of the simulation show that quasi-stationary and longer-period PW are not able to penetrate into the thermosphere. The shorter-period NM and ultra-fast Kelvin wave propagate up to the heights of the lower thermosphere. However, above about 150 km they are strongly suppressed by dissipative processes. The role of the secondary waves (nonmigrating tides) arising from nonlinear interaction between the primary migrating tides and quasi-stationary PW is discussed. We conclude that PW are not capable of propagating directly up to the heights of the ionospheric F2 region. It is suggested that other physical processes (for instance, the electrostatic field perturbations) have to be taken into account to explain the observed PW-like structures in ionospheric parameters.     

Atmosphere–ionosphere vertical electric coupling above thunderstorms of different intensity

The most important features of the quasi-electrostatic fields (QSFs) and currents, generated in the region between a thunderstorm (TS) and the ionosphere between lightning discharges, are theoretically investigated. They depend on different factors having large variability, related to the TS and to the atmospheric conductivity. These features are studied in order to understand better the conditions when QSFs cause modifications of the parameters and chemical balance in the lower ionosphere over TSs due to electron heating, as well as the generation of red sprites. For this purpose, an analytical model based on Maxwell's equations under conditions of curl-free electric fields is presented. The temporal and spatial behaviour of the QSFs is studied as a function of the parameters of lightning discharges and of atmospheric conductivity. The dependence of the QSF, mainly its peak values, on the charge moment change, the discharge time, and the horizontal extent of the discharged region, on the one hand, and of the conductivity profile, on the other, is studied. It is shown that the profile of the QSF time peak changes its scale height at the altitudes where the relaxation time becomes equal to the discharge time, and where the conductivity scale height is diminished; below these altitudes the peak QSFs decrease with time much slower than above them. Also, the QSF peak increases almost linearly with the charge height and depends little on the size of the discharged region. The total Maxwell and conduction currents, which flow from the TS to the ionosphere, are also studied. The peak current is proportional to the charge moment change, and actually does not depend on the frequency of lightning discharges.     

Histological bone structure of Lower Cretaceous dinosaurs from southwest Istria (Croatia)

Recently discovered dinosaur bones in submerged near-shore deposits of southwest Istria include one vertebra, one femur, and two rib fragments. They all show well-developed vascularization. The large amounts of primary bone tissue in the vertebral and femoral compacta as well as in one rib fragment suggest that they belong to sub-adult animals which were growing rapidly. The structure of a second rib fragment differs in that it consists of secondary bone. The absence of lines of arrested growth is evident in all investigated bones. This suggests a sustained manner of bone deposition.