长江下游地区汛期暴雨气候特征分析

IPCC(1995)第二次科学评估报告指出了极端气象事件变化研究的重要意义[1].长江下游地区地势低平,往往是我国暴雨洪涝的多发区域,造成严重灾害,因此,研究长江下游地区暴雨的规律具有极其重要的意义.选取了长江下游地区52站1960～2003年逐日降水资料,运用EOF分析将其分为3个分区,采用小波分析,Mann-kendall非参数检验法及趋势系数法等分析方法研究各分区汛期暴雨降水的气候统计特征.结果表明:虽然汛期同为暴雨降水的集中时期,但各分区暴雨降水在汛期降水中所占比重略有差异,暴雨降水量、频次所占比例的空间分布为西区较大、东区和北区略小,暴雨平均强度则西区和北区东部强、其他区域小.同一区域中降水量与频次具有显著的正相关,不同区域间仅暴雨降水量的相关性较好.暴雨降水量44 a中呈现了增加的趋势.各区汛期暴雨具有多重时间尺度的周期变化,暴雨降水量和频次的周期在西区与全区的较为一致,主要是6～9 a的周期振荡.东区和北区有着不同尺度的振荡周期.各区的暴雨降水强度都不同程度地存在着3 a的周期振荡.长江下游地区汛期暴雨降水量除北区外,全区及其他分区的突变时刻均发生在1980年代末～1990年代初这一时期,暴雨降水量在1980年代中期～20世纪末出现了一个增长的过程,北区趋势并不显著.全区暴雨平均强度在突变时刻之后有一个减弱的过程,而西区和北区的暴雨平均强度变化并不显著.     

An intercomparison of two rawinsonde systems

Abstract

An intercomparison of the Väisälä MicroCora system used in the Automated Shipboard Aerological Program (ASAP) and the Atmospheric Environment Service upper‐air system (GMD/ADRES) was conducted in May‐June 1983. Thirty‐three paired ascents were made. The ASAP system dry‐bulb temperatures averaged 0.3°C warmer. For the lowest 100 mb, the dew‐point temperature difference (ASAP ‐ GMD/ADRES) was near ‐1°C whereas for the 780–500 mb layer, the difference was 1°C. The wind component mean differences averaged were small but with a 4 m s^?1 standard deviation.     

Simulating cross-sectional geometry of the main channel in response to changes in water and sediment in Lower Yellow River

Journal of Geographical Sciences - To understand the non-equilibrium morphological adjustment of a river in response to environmental changes, it is essential to (i) accurately identify how past...     

贵州天鹅山下寒武统黑色岩系化学地层初步研究

华南下寒武统黑色岩系“多元素富集事件”受世人瞩目。贵州遵义天鹅山下寒武统牛蹄塘组剖面的元素地球化学测试表明,黑色岩系存在贵金属元素、稀土元素及其他微量元素的异常富集,绝大多数较上覆、下伏地层含量为高。元素地球化学特征显示,元素的来源并非地外,而是海底含矿热卤水沿深大断裂而来,“热”的来源为地内火山喷溢。黑色岩系形成时期的沉积环境为一种干燥气候的较深浅海的还原环境。据古地温判定,黑色岩系属低温成岩成矿作用。     

新疆喀拉昆仑山大黄山稀土-铌-铁钛多金属矿化带地质特征及矿床成因

对喀喇昆仑山大黄山稀土-铌-铁钛多金属矿化带地质特征及矿床成因进行研究,为该区找矿勘查工作部署提供依据。通过详细的野外地质调查,在总结大黄山稀土-铌-铁钛多金属矿化带地质特征的基础上,配合镜下鉴定、矿床地球化学分析,探讨矿床成因类型与成矿作用,分析成矿期后的构造变形,预测矿化体的空间就位,提出找矿方向和找矿思路。大黄山稀土-铌-铁钛多金属矿化带含矿建造沉积环境为近陆滨-浅海碳酸盐岩台地相。矿化带处于石炭系帕斯群灰岩组（a组）上段（含矿泥质灰岩段）上部,区内延伸大于30km,西段发现2条矿化体（Ⅰ-1、Ⅰ-1）,东段发现7条矿化体（Ⅱ-1~Ⅱ-7）。单矿化体一般长170~2000 m,厚度10~32 m,矿化体产状与地层产状一致,层控特征明显。矿石化学测试结果表明,矿化体内含Fe、Al、Ti、LREE、Nb、Ta等多种金属成矿元素。矿床成因类型为近陆滨海相沉积型。矿源为古陆源区红土型风化壳,以沉积物重力流和胶体溶液混合流体形式快速搬运,并在近陆滨岸地带以事件沉积作用快速卸载堆积而成。成矿期后,含矿建造遭受了强烈的构造改造,形成了总体呈NWW向展布的断褶带,带内发育的复式-叠加反"S"型褶皱构造构成了区内最特征的控矿构造样式。该带找矿前景好,找矿潜力大,通过进一步的矿产地质工作,有望在该带实现Fe、Al、Ti,尤其是稀有、稀土元素的重要找矿突破。     

The Carboniferous coal swamp floras of England: a window on an ancient tropical ecosystem

England has an exceptional range of Westphalian—Stephanian (late Bashkirian—Moscovian) fossil floras spanning some 10 million years. They represent vegetation growing in part of a swamp that covered large areas of tropical Euramerica and which was responsible for the removal of vast quantities of carbon from the atmosphere. This coincided with significant global climatic cooling—the Late Palaeozoic Ice Age. The cratonic Pennine Basin in central and northern England has some of the best preserved fossil floras of this age anywhere in the world, especially notable being those of the Barnsley Thick Seam in Yorkshire and Derbyshire, the Bensham Seam in Northumberland and Durham, and the Coseley Ten Foot Ironstone in the West Midlands. The floras in southern England are mostly not as well preserved but include the historically important Radstock flora of Somerset. The taxonomic diversity dynamics of the fossil floras of the Pennine Basin are rather different from those seen in South Wales, probably due to differences in landscape and habitat, which in turn probably reflect the different tectonic settings. However, evidence of a significant change from lycophyte- to fern-dominated vegetation in latest Westphalian times, recognisable across Euramerica, can be seen in the English floras.     

Sequence stratigraphy of the Berriassian-Lower Aptian deposits of West Siberia

The geological structure and conditions of formation of a Lower Cretaceous clinoform complex in West Siberia are examined based on sequence stratigraphy. The regional Berriasian-Hauterivian clinoforms are interpreted as third-order sequences, and their formation should be considered in terms of the Depositional Sequence III model. Productive beds of both shallow and deep marine as well as continental genesis formed mostly in a regressive basin and belong to the highstand systems tracts.     

利用地震属性研究准噶尔盆地西北缘拐19井区下侏罗统三工河组沉积环境

在准噶尔盆地西北缘，寻找岩性圈闭油气藏已是至关重要的问题。但人们几乎还是用常规的手段来寻找岩性油气藏，没有实质性进展。本文是以利用宽方位角采集的地震数据为基础，对数据进行高保真资料处理和参考标准层的层拉平解释。利用前人的区域地质研究成果和钻井解释成果对侏罗系的沉积环境进行了精细的描述，确定了拐19井区在下侏罗统三工河组的出油层段附近的沉积环境由湖泊相－三角洲前缘相－河流相－湖泊相的演化过程。利用地震属性解释的结果也能较好地反映目标区的沉积环境变迁，并且与区域地质、测井解释结果相吻合，为寻找油气提供了很好的依据。由此得出利用地震属性可以进行沉积环境变迁分析，为油田寻找岩性圈闭及油气藏做出贡献。     

北祁连山东部早石炭世早期腕足动物群落的古地理意义

北祁连山东部早石炭世早期经历了一次完整的海水进退旋回。此期该区腕足动物的演化明显受控于相对海平面变化。生存环境的稳定性似乎是群落演替过程能否持久进行的基础。在影响生物群落演替的诸多因素中,底质性质及其稳定性最为重要,其次是食物供应、海水盐度和水动力强度等。各群落在时间上相互取代的主要控制因素是海水深度,与海平面的变化直接相关。而造成这一时期腕足动物群落横向变化的主要因素除了海水深度外,陆源碎屑供应量、海水循环性以及含盐度都具有十分重要的影响。本区早石炭世早期腕足动物群落的生态位介于BA1和BA2之间,缺乏BA3－BA5较深水群落（BA－Benthic Assemblage,底栖组合）,说明此期该区早石炭世早期海水深度一般不超过10米。受沉积古地理环境的制约,本区早石炭世早期BA2生态域的主要分布范围局限于东部的景泰一带,向西水体明显变浅。     

Permo-Carboniferous Radiolarians from the Wupata＇erkan Group, Western South Tianshan, Xinjiang, China

The Wupata‘erkan Group, also called Wupata‘erkan Formation, distributed in the South Tianshan, Xinjiang,China, mainly consists of gray and dark gray fine-grained clastic rocks, interlayered with volcanic rocks, carbonates and cherts. Some ultra-basic rocks (blocks) punctuate the formation. The formation was variously assigned to Silurian-Middle Devonian, Silurian-Lower Devonian, and pre-Devonian, mainly based on Atrypa bodini Mansuy, Hypothyridina parallelepipedia (Brour.) and Prismatophyllum hexagonum Yoh collected from the limestone interlayers, respectively.However, radiolarian fossils obtained from 24 chert specimens of the Wupata‘erkan Group, mainly include Albaillella sp.cf. A. undulata Deflandre, Albaillella sp. cf. A. paradoxa Deflandre, Albaillella cf. A. deflandrei Gourmelon, Albaillella sp. cf. A. indensis Won, Albaillella sp. cf. A. excelsa Ishiga, Kito and Imoto, Albaillella sp. and Latentifistulidae gen. et. sp.indet., are earliest Carboniferous and Late Permian. The earliest Carboniferous assemblage is characterized by Albaillella sp. cf. A. undulata Deflandre, Albaillella sp. cf. A. paradoxa Deflandre, Albaillella cf. A. deflandrei Gourmelon and Albaillella sp. cf. A. indensis Won, and the Late Permian assemblage by Albaillella sp. cf. A. excelsa Ishiga, Kito and Imoto. This new stratigraphic evidence indicates that the Wupata‘erkan Group is possibly composed of rocks with different ages from Silurian to Permian, and therefore, it is probably an ophiolite mrlange. The discovery of Late Permian Albaillella sp. cf. A. excelsa provides more reliable evidence supporting the existence of a Permian relic ancient oceanic basin in the western part of Xinjiang South Tianshan.