Seismic detection of underwater volcanism: The example of French Polynesia

We present a review of the principal methods used for the seismic detection and identification of active underwater volcanism, based on our experience in French Polynesia. In particular, we descrobe the 5-year activity in the Tahiti-Mehetia area, during which more than 32000 earthquakes were detected by the Polynesian network. We discuss the use of the following three types of seismic waves: conventional (mostly body waves), seismic tremor, andT waves propagated in the low-velocity acoustic channel of the ocean. For each of these waves, we discuss the principal characteristics of the signals, their spectral content, the type of information they provide on the activity of the volcano, and the various limitations faced by their use in detection or monitoring of underwater volcanic edifices. We present a review of the principal swarms monitored by the Polynesian network, and discuss their characterization as either volcanic or tectonic.     

延伸期天气过程预报的一种新方法——低频天气图

本文主要介绍低频天气图延伸期预报方法。低频天气图是一种不同于统计学预报方法、数值预报方法和天气学预报方法的延伸期天气过程预报的新方法,可以用于延伸期(10～30 天)天气过程预报。低频天气图的技术要点是大气低频系统(低频气旋和低频反气旋)及其相应的低频气流。低频天气图的天气学意义是能反映造成天气过程的天气系统的生消、维持和移动及其大气环流演变过程。其优越性在于其特性:时间上的周期性(30～50 天)、持续性和空间上的连续性、相似性以及地域上的准定常性,预报天气系统相对容易且时效长。2008～2012 年在上海市气候中心业务应用的结果表明,可以提前15～45 天预报上海地区的强降水过程。     

江淮流域夏季持续性强降水的低频特征分析

利用1979-2009年夏季(6-8月)中国气象观测站点逐日降水资料、NCEP/NCAR的再分析资料以及向外长波辐射资料等,选取低频降水事件来表征江淮流域夏季持续性强降水,然后分析其基本特征及伴随的低频大气环流形势,利用位相合成的方法对该低频信号的来源和传播特征进行研究.结果表明:江淮流域夏季持续性强降水在6-7月份发生次数较多;在持续性强降水期间,江淮流域低层受低频气旋控制,南海至菲律宾海一带则是很强的低频反气旋,该低频反气旋西侧,向北的低频水汽输送将水汽不断送至江淮流域形成辐合;与持续性强降水相关联的850 hPa上的低频信号,来源于黄河河套地区低频振荡的东南向传播和西北太平洋上空低频振荡的西北向传播;在高层,当持续性强降水发生时,江淮流域的西北侧(37.5°N,80 ～100°E)附近为强烈的低频气旋式环流,紧邻该环流的西北侧,则是一个低频反气旋,两者同南海—菲律宾海一带的低频反气旋构成了一个西北—东南向的低频波列;西太平洋副热带高压和南亚高压在持续性强降水期间表现出了显著的相向而行、相背而去的特征.     

越赤道气流ISO特征在台风季节预报中的可行性研究

越赤道气流作为南北半球物质、能量和水汽的输送通道,它的季节内变化引起台风水汽源变化,影响台风的生成频数和路径。该文研究了越赤道气流ISO特征在台风季节预报中的可行性。台风路径在传统的分类基础上细分为7种,对不同路径的台风所对应的低频流场进行超前和滞后合成,发现不同台风路径对应着不同的低频越赤道气流通道,低层20°N附近的低频气旋外围气流总是预示着台风路径未来的走向。低层低频流场的演变表明,越赤道气流的振荡周期为准40 d,它的ISO特征影响低纬地区的低频气旋的位置和强度,进而影响台风路径。高层低频流场刚好与低层反向,越赤道气流不再是以通道出现而是呈现区域特征。越赤道气流ISO特征可以作为台风季节预报的参考量之一。     

The Propagation of Disturbances Excited by Low-Frequency Oscillations in the Tropics

The propagation of disturbances excited by low-frequency oscillations in the tropics is investigated by applying the theory of wave packet dynamics. For simplicity, a linearized barotropic model is adopted and the zonal circulation is taken as basic current. Suppose that the disturbances or waves are superimposed on jet-like westerly basic cur-rent and excited by the forcing in the tropics. We have (1) only the eastward propagating (m>0, n>0 and σ>0) low-frequency disturbances and the stationary (σ = 0) waves can propagate into the middle and high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere; the others, such as the westward propagating low-frequency wave (m>0, n<0, σ<0) and the high-frequency waves, are restricted only in the vicinity of source region; (2) a stationary wave (σ = 0) reaches a given latitude even more quickly than some low-frequency ones (σ>0) due to the fact that the group velocity of stationary wave is larger; (3) there is a whole wave train excited by the forcing in the tropics and extended into the middle and high latitudes, if the amplitude of the source is independent on time, especially, the low-frequency wave (σ > 0) is of travelling type propagating along the ray; (4) if the source lasts only for an interval of time, namely, its amplitude also has the character of low-frequency oscillation, the excited wave train is not always a whole one, but is restricted in the vicinity of source region in the beginning, extended from the source region to the middle and high latitudes in its saturated stage, after that it gradually becomes weaker and weaker and is detectable only in some area at high latitude, and eventually disappears. Undoubtedly, case (4) is closer to the reality, even though case (3) gives a more impressive wavy pattern.     

一种基于圆弧片状压电振子的相控圆弧阵随钻声波测井辐射器

随钻三维反射声波成像测井技术可以实时地对井周围的地层构造和地质体进行成像,为地质导向钻井提供必要的信息,是下一代声波测井技术的发展方向.针对该项技术,提出了一种基于圆弧片状压电振子的相控圆弧阵声波测井辐射器,推导了该辐射器的声学性能在波数-频率域的数学描述,并采用了实轴积分的方法对该辐射器在无限大液体、井旁地层中产生的波场进行了求解.研究结果显示,无论在无限大液体中还是在充液井孔内,该声源均可以向任意方位定向辐射能量,其水平指向性图主瓣明显,旁瓣级低,具有较高的方位分辨率;相控阵技术能够使得即使在较低的频率下,该声源辐射的声场仍具有较好的方位特征;与传统的单极子反射成像技术相比,有希望利用该声源发展一种具有较好的方位分辨能力和更深径向探测深度的随钻反射成像测井方法;与偶极子反射成像技术相比,采用该声源可以在周向上360°范围内确定反射体的方位,能够消除井旁地层界面方位测量的多解性.     

火山地震信号和火山颤动震源模型

本文主要介绍了火山地震的类型以及在火山区特有的地震信号,如谐频信号、家族事件和地震震群.并简要介绍了与岩浆活动有着密切关系的火山颤动震源模型.     

冬季欧亚中高纬大气低频振荡的传播及其与欧亚遥相关型的关系

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了冬季欧亚中高纬大气低频振荡（LFO）的传播特征及其在年际尺度上与同期欧亚大气背景环流场之间的联系。结果表明,冬季欧亚中高纬LFO以10～30 d周期为主,且具有明显向东南方向传播的特征。其经、纬向平均移速分别约为3.4纬度/d和15经度/d。进一步分析发现,冬季欧亚中高纬LFO强度的年际变化与欧亚遥相关型（EU）密切相关。定义乌拉尔地区的脊和东亚、欧洲西北部的槽比常年弱（强）时,即EU指数小于（大于）零时,为EU负（正）位相。当对流层中上层EU处于负位相时,此时,对流层低层的西伯利亚高压强度减弱,这些因素均导致欧亚地区大尺度经向环流偏弱,环流较为平直,不利于LFO的传播;反之亦然。