Territoriality and the Police

Despite widespread interest in the relationship between the exercise of power and control of space, few current works in geography make explicit use of the concept of territoriality. This paper does so by considering the means by which the Los Angeles Police Department pursues its law enforcement and order maintenance functions through regulating space. I draw upon fieldwork observations of a single LAPD patrol division to demonstrate that officers regularly seek to govern the citizenry through controlling the spatial parameters of permissible action. The imperative toward effective territorial control is given further impetus within the subcultural world that officers construct; indeed, officers evaluate each other's competence in large part on their ability to manage activity within the spaces for which they are responsible.     

Modeling of Arctic Sea Ice Variability During 1948–2009: Validation of Two Versions of the Los Alamos Sea Ice Model(CICE)

The Los Alamos sea ice model(CICE) is used to simulate the Arctic sea ice variability from 1948 to 2009. Two versions of CICE are validated through comparison with Hadley Centre Global Sea Ice and Sea Surface Temperature(Had ISST) observations. Version 5.0 of CICE with elastic-viscous-plastic(EVP) dynamics simulates a September Arctic sea ice concentration(SASIC) trend of –0.619 × 1012 m2 per decade from 1969 to 2009, which is very close to the observed trend(-0.585 × 1012 m2 per decade). Version 4.0 of CICE with EVP dynamics underestimates the SASIC trend(-0.470 × 1012 m2 per decade). Version 5.0 has a higher correlation(0.742) with observation than version 4.0(0.653). Both versions of CICE simulate the seasonal cycle of the Arctic sea ice, but version 5.0 outperforms version 4.0 in both phase and amplitude. The timing of the minimum and maximum sea ice coverage occurs a little earlier(phase advancing) in both versions. Simulations also show that the September Arctic sea ice volume(SASIV) has a faster decreasing trend than SASIC.     

论水致地震

通过对近３０余年来世界上一些Ｍｓ≥６级水库地震的发震特点分析和涝旱剧变与中国Ｍｓ≥７级大震的相关研究，以及１９９２年美国洛杉矶７．５级地震的水—震过程介绍，充分证实了在地壳岩石长期缓慢运动的基础上，地表水和地下水短期内的大面积大幅度涨落，很可能是孕震区应变非线性增长并驱使孕震体进入不稳定状态乃至失稳的重要原因。同时表明，水致地震关系可能普遍存在于全球各地。     

Simulating strong ground motion from complex sources by reciprocal Green functions

We have developed a method to calculate site and path effects for complex heterogeneous media using synthetic Green’s functions. The Green’s functions are calculated numerically by imposing body forces at the site of interest and then storing the reciprocal Green’s functions along arbitrary finite-fault surfaces. By using reciprocal Green’s functions, we can then simulate many source scenarios for those faults because the primary numerical calculations need be done only once. The advantage of the proposed method is shown by evaluation of the site and path effects for three sites in the vicinity of the Los Angeles basin using the Southern California Velocity Model (version 2.2, Magistrale et al., 2000). In this example, we have simulated 300 source scenarios for 5 major southern California faults and compared their responses for period longer then 3 seconds at the selected sites. However, a more detailed comparison with strong motion records will be necessary before a particular hazard assessment can be made. For the tested source scenarios the results show that the variations in the peak velocity amplitudes and durations due to a source scenarios are as large as variations due to a heterogeneous velocity model.     

Rock magnetic and geochemical proxies for iron mineral diagenesis in a tropical lake: Lago Verde, Los Tuxtlas, East–Central Mexico

Magnetic and non-magnetic mineral analyses were conducted on a lacustrine sequence from Lago Verde in the tropical coast along the Gulf of Mexico that covers the last 2000 years. The site witnessed the transformation of the environment since the early Olmec societies until forest clearance in the last century. Through these analyses we investigated the processes that affected the magnetic mineralogy in order to construct a model of past environmental changes, and compare this model with the archeological record and inferred climatic changes in the northern hemisphere of tropical America. Volcanic activity has played a major influence on sediment magnetic properties, as a purveyor of Ti-magnetites/Ti-maghemites, and as a factor of instability in the environment. Anoxic reductive conditions are evident in most of Lago Verde's sedimentary record.

Direct observations of magnetic minerals and ratios of geochemical (Fe, Ti), and ferrimagnetic (χf) and paramagnetic (χp) susceptibility (χ) data, are used as parameters for magnetite dissolution (χp/χ, Fe/χf), and precipitation (χf/Ti) of magnetic minerals. Intense volcanic activity and anoxia are recorded before A.D. 20, leading to the formation of framboidal pyrite. Increased erosion, higher evaporation rates, lower lake levels, anoxia and reductive diagenesis in non-sulphidic conditions are inferred for laminated sediments between A.D. 20–850. This deposit matches the period of historical crisis and multiyear droughts that contributed to the collapse of the Maya civilization. Dissolution of magnetite, a high organic content and framboidal pyrite point to anoxic, sulphidic conditions and higher lake levels after A.D. 850. Higher lake levels in Lago Verde broadly coincide with the increased precipitation documented during the Medieval Warm Period (A.D. 950–1350) in the northern tropical and subtropical regions of the American continent. For the Little Ice Age (A.D. 1400–1800), the relatively moist conditions inferred are in concordance with the glacial advances recorded in central Mexico. Higher erosion rates reflect destruction of the rainforest over the last 40 years.     

智利劳斯奎洛斯(Los Quilos)铜矿床地质特征及找矿标志

智利劳斯奎洛斯（Los Quilos）铜矿床赋存于下白垩统Los Chilcas单元钙碱性安山岩及安山质熔结角砾岩中,矿体呈脉状、似脉状、透镜状,形成群脉状分布的多个矿化中心。矿体受走滑剪切的NW向、SN向、NE向断裂控制,断裂及微裂隙的高渗透系统成为热液流体的流动通道和成矿空间。矿物组成主要为斑铜矿、辉铜矿,黄铜矿;以矿体为中心,内带为斑铜矿-辉铜矿-赤铁矿,外侧及向深部为黄铜矿及黄铁矿。区域蚀变普遍,有赤铁矿化、青磐岩化、钠化等;与铜矿化有关的蚀变作用为硅化、碳酸盐化或绿泥石化、赤铁矿化,钠化或钾化。找矿标志为中生界火山-沉积岩系、高渗透构造带、孔雀石化蚀变等特征。     

洛杉矶学派及其对人文地理学的影响

对洛杉矶学派的缘起、背景、学术观点进行了系统的介绍,并对其在人文地理学多个分支学科产生的影响进行了梳理和分析。洛杉矶学派的学术思想建立在索亚提出的社会-空间辩证理论基础之上,认为在同一生产方式下,社会和空间是相互影响的。危机与重构是社会-空间辩证关系在城市区域发展现实中的投射。洛杉矶学派以洛杉矶大都市区的发展为蓝本,生动地诠释了社会空间的辩证思想以及危机、重构在现实中的体现,认为洛杉矶大都市区是向后现代城市发展转型的典型案例。洛杉矶学派的观点对人文地理学具有重要的影响,丰富了"人地关系"的内涵,提出了弹性生产下的新产业空间的概念,指出多中心结构是未来城市区域的发展方向,倡导空间上的社会正义,对经济地理、城市地理和社会地理的研究都起到了积极的推动作用。     

A revision of the putative Late Cretaceous triconodonts from South America

Austrotriconodon mckennai and Austrotriconodon sepulvedai, from the Campanian Los Alamitos Formation, Patagonia, Argentina were originally described as triconodont mammals and the sole members of the family Austrotriconodontidae. These mammals were represented by isolated cheek teeth originally regarded as molariforms, but their peculiar morphology later raised doubts about their purported triconodont affinities. Nevertheless, the morphological bases supporting the alternative taxonomic views have not been fully documented. We present here detailed comparisons of Austrotriconodon with other Late Cretaceous taxa and conclude that Austrotriconodon specimens should be assigned to Meridiolestida and Mesungulatoidea. These isolated teeth are likely premolars and might represent unknown dental positions of already described species or correspond to taxa that are yet to be formally recognized. According to our interpretation, there is still no record of Cretaceous triconodonts in South America, but we support the triconodont affinities for Jurassic taxa from the Cañadón Asfalto Formation in central Patagonia.     

Post-revanchist cities?

This intervention focuses on how national-level rhetoric aimed at impugning “others” has thrived of late, but how concomitantly 1990s-style urban revanchism has faded in cities that were once punitive crucibles against the homeless. Using Los Angeles as case study, I argue that the recent trend has been to grudgingly support the homeless, increasingly via taxpayer initiatives, leading to a potential but stymied post-revanchist city. If the spirit of revanchism remains, it is through the persistent NIMBY opposition to housing the homeless.     

洛杉矶工业产业升级的主要经验及启示

随着世界进入全球化时代以及信息技术的广泛应用,工业发展的自身特点和外部环境都发生了变化,转型升级成为新的主题。本文通过研究洛杉矶从西部边缘小城市最终成长为全球经济中心的工业升级历程并深入探讨其成功经验。结果表明,选择发展具有前瞻性和潜力的新兴行业,并始终把握价值链的最高环节是洛杉矶实现产业优势的核心,而洛杉矶广阔的地域使得其产业选择具有多样性。同时经济行为背后的社会、制度关系也非常重要,洛杉矶宽容多元、创新进取的文化氛围以及有利于企业经营模式和产业结构变革的制度环境,共同帮助其实现地区产业升级。