Crustal contamination and crystal entrapment during polybaric magma evolution at Mt. Somma–Vesuvius volcano, Italy: Geochemical and Sr isotope evidence

New major and trace element analyses and Sr-isotope determinations of rocks from Mt. Somma–Vesuvius volcano produced from 25 ky BP to 1944 AD are part of an extensive database documenting the geochemical evolution of this classic region. Volcanic rocks include silica undersaturated, potassic and ultrapotassic lavas and tephras characterized by variable mineralogy and different crystal abundance, as well as by wide ranges of trace element contents and a wide span of initial Sr-isotopic compositions. Both the degree of undersaturation in silica and the crystal content increase through time, being higher in rocks produced after the eruption at 472 AD (Pollena eruption). Compositional variations have been generally thought to reflect contributions from diverse types of mantle and crust. Magma mixing is commonly invoked as a fundamental process affecting the magmas, in addition to crystal fractionation. Our assessment of geochemical and Sr-isotopic data indicates that compositional variability also reflects the influence of crustal contamination during magma evolution during upward migration to shallow crustal levels and/or by entrapment of crystal mush generated during previous magma storage in the crust. Using a variant of the assimilation fractional crystallization model (Energy Conservation–Assimilation Fractional Crystallization; [Spera and Bohrson, 2001. Energy-constrained open-system magmatic processes I: General model and energy-constrained assimilation and fractional crystallization (EC–AFC) formulation. J. Petrol. 999–1018]; [Bohrson, W.A. and Spera, F.J., 2001. Energy-constrained open-system magmatic process II: application of energy-constrained assimilation–fractional crystallization (EC–AFC) model to magmatic systems. J. Petrol. 1019–1041]) we estimated the contributions from the crust and suggest that contamination by carbonate rocks that underlie the volcano (2 km down to 9–10 km) is a fundamental process controlling magma compositions at Mt. Somma–Vesuvius in the last 8 ky BP. Contamination in the mid- to upper crust occurred repeatedly, after the magma chamber waxed with influx of new mantle- and crustal-derived magmas and fluids, and waned as a result of magma withdrawal and production of large and energetic plinian and subplinian eruptions.     

北祁连山古生代和中生代岩石古地磁的初步研究

本文通过对北祁连山近90个上古生代和中生代岩石样品的热退磁、交变退磁和剩余磁性的初步测定,认为石炭纪、二叠纪和侏罗纪岩石的剩余磁化强度已被现代地磁重新磁化;而上泥盆纪和三叠纪的剩余磁性可能是原生的,说明这一时期北祁连山地体有较大的北向移动,但三叠纪时尚未达到目前的地理位置。     

广西元宝山东侧层状基性-超基性岩带及有关锡、铂矿床的地质特征

广西元宝山区的层状基性-超基性岩带是桂北花岗-绿岩带的超镁铁质熔岩,其岩石化学特征与科马提岩相似,与之有成因关系的矿产,不仅有铂钯矿,还有具很大经济价值的锡矿。后者是一种新型锡矿床,与产于花岗岩内外接触带的锡矿完全不同,它产于基性-超基性杂岩之内,呈层状产出,随地层褶曲而褶曲。矿物组合、地球化学特征均与超基性岩有密切关系,但受到后期热液(含花岗岩事件所产生的热液)的叠加改造作用。     

Seismic experiments on Showa-Shinzan lava dome using firework shots

Seismic experiments were conducted on Showa-Shinzan, a parasitic lava dome of volcano Usu, Hokkaido, which was formed during 1943–1945 activity. Since we found that firework shots fired on the ground can effectively produce seismic waves, we placed many seismometers on and around the dome during the summer festivals in 1984 and 1985. The internal structure had been previously studied using a prospecting technique employing dynamite blasts in 1954. The measured interval velocity across the dome in 1984 ranges 1.8–2.2 km/s drastically low compared to the results (3.0–4.0 km/s) in 1954; in addition, the velocity is 0.3–0.5 km/s higher than that in the surrounding area. The variation of the observed first arrival amplitudes can be explained by geometrical spreading in the high velocity lava dome. These observations show a marked change in the internal physical state of the dome corresponding to a drop in the measured highest temperature at fumaroles on the dome from 800°C in 1947 to 310°C in 1986.     

中国华东高海拔地区春夏季臭氧质量浓度变化特征及来源分析

利用统计方法和数值模拟对2008年4月18日-7月28日和2009年5月19日-8月20日在黄山光明顶的两次外场观测中臭氧（O3）数据进行了分析,讨论了中国华东高海拔地区O3的质量浓度特征和来源。结果表明,5、6和7月的月平均质量浓度分别为107．73、101．93和68．02μg·m^-1,其中5月和6月的月平均质量浓度相对于国内其他本底站（除上甸子外）以及南极地区高出25～60Iμg·m^-1,7月与其他地区质量浓度相差较少。该地区的0,质量浓度相对于其他地区整体上维持在一个较高的水平,但高质量浓度超标事件发生的次数很少,只占总观测时间的3．9％。质量浓度EI最大值多出现在夜间21时一次日06时（北京时间,下同）,呈多峰分布,并且变化幅度很小,在15—20μg·m^-1,通过利用WRF（Weather Research and Forecasting）模式模拟当地上空对流层顶高度和晴空湍流等要素的变化发现,O3质量浓度和对流层顶折叠现象有关。不同天气条件下,其质量浓度在晴天最高,雨天最低,雾天和阴天在二者之间。臭氧质量浓度与温度、相对湿度和其他污染气体（CO、N0和NO3）浓度之间有很强的负相关,而与风速相关性相对较弱;5月北面来风占主导,各风向所对应的O3质量浓度分布较均匀,而6月和7月西南风占主导,北面来向的风对应的质量浓度要高于南面来向。在利用KZ过滤器将O3原始数据分解成不同组份后,发现当地O3质量浓度整体上受低频组份（CBL组份）的控制,其余各高频组份（CSY、CDU和CID组份）只是会使其质量浓度在基准线附近波动。随后对发生在2009年5月28—31日和6月12—15日期间的两次0,质量浓度超标事件中CSY、CDU和CID对基线的贡献做了定量分析。     

Tree-ring-based drought variability in northern China over the past three centuries

Droughts are the most frequent natural disaster in regions at the margins of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM),which pose threats to agriculture,the economy,and human lives.However,the limitations of only approximately 60 years of meteorological ob-servations hamper our understanding of the characteristics and mechanisms of local hydro-climate.Trees growing in the marginal region of the EASM are usually sensitive to moisture variations and have played important roles in past hydroclimatic reconstructions.Here,a 303-year tree-ring-width chronology of Pinus tabulaeformis from Mt.Lama,which is located in the junction of the Liaoning Province and Inner Mongolia,China,was used to reconstruct the May-August Palmer drought severity index (PDSI) in the marginal region of the EASM.The transfer function explains 48.0％ (or 47.2％ after adjusting for the loss of the degrees of freedom) of the variance over the calibration period from 1946 to 2012.A spatial correlation analysis demonstrates that our PDSI reconstruction can represent the drought variability on the northernmost margin of the EASM.The winter Asian polar vortex area index showed a delayed impact on the summer EASM precipitation in the following year.     

安徽霍邱安阳山晚石炭世碳酸盐岩地层中奥陶纪牙形石和虫颚化石的发现

最近的研究表明,安徽霍邱地区安阳山(白大山)剖面下部碳酸盐岩段属于晚石炭世,上部碎屑岩段属于青白口纪。我们进一步对剖面进行了微体古生物分析,在晚石炭世碳酸盐岩中发现了丰富的微体古生物化石,其中以牙形石和虫颚化石数量最多。经鉴定,有牙形石Belodina和虫颚化石Marlenites marginatus,Chairidogenys borealis,Cornugenys sp.,Porrhogrnys sp.,Channahania sp.,Paradrilonersgenys cherylae等,Belodina时代为晚奥陶世,虫颚化石的时代为奥陶纪。晚石炭世地层中存在奥陶纪化石,表明可能存在奥陶系的物源区,微体化石是通过剥蚀、搬运再沉积保存到晚石炭世碳酸盐岩中。显然,新发现的微体化石可能并不具有地层意义,但是具有古地理和古构造意义。     

关于丹霞地貌概念和分类的探讨

现代丹霞地貌研究始于20世纪二、三十年代,地质学家冯景兰先生和陈国达教授是最早命名并进行丹霞地貌研究的科学家,也是从那时候丹霞地貌这一地貌术语正式由我国地学家首先命名和定义,但是对丹霞地貌概念的理解达数十种之多,各有侧重。本文基于大地构造运动和新构造运动的认识提出了典型和扩展丹霞地貌的概念和分类,在前人工作的基础上对丹霞地貌的准确定义和适用范围进行了进一步的研究和探讨。     

江西省“三清山式”花岗岩地貌景观发育机制探讨

拥有10亿年演化历史的江西三清山于2008年7月入选世界自然遗产名录,2012年9月批准成为世界地质公园,以花岗岩地质与花岗岩峰林地貌著称,堪称天下花岗岩微地貌的天然博物馆,具有世界性对比意义,有人称之为"三清山式"花岗岩地貌。本文从构造背景、物质基础、外动力条件和外动力作用的变化等4个方面探讨了"三清山式"地貌景观的成因。分析认为,构造是"三清山式"地貌形成的主导因素,燕山运动晚期形成的高硅、富钾、低镁钙的A型花岗岩是物质基础,流水是重要的外动力条件,第四纪以来气候周期性的冷暖变化是微地貌景观多样性的重要原因之一。