珠穆朗玛峰北坡地区近地层及土壤微气象要素分析

利用中国科学院珠穆朗玛峰大气与环境综合观测研究站2005年9月-2006年8月一年的大气与土壤观测资料,初步分析了珠峰地区微气象特征和土壤特征量的变化.结果显示:该地区具有与青藏高原其它地区不同的微气象变化特征,气温在12月最低,6、7月最高,土壤温度呈正弦变化,土壤冻结时间较短等特征.     

龙首山北缘断裂带古地震初步探讨

龙首山北缘断裂带是潮水盆地与龙首山地的地貌分界线,展布于龙首山隆起的北麓。前期曾在龙首山北缘断裂带东段的白家嘴、中段包代河、西段斜坡山开挖了三个探槽,均揭露出多期古地震。本文通过三个探槽古地震事件的对比分析认为,龙首山北缘断裂带第1次古地震(11 ka)到最后1次古地震(1.6 ka)间隔9.4 ka,约1万年时间里有6次古地震发生。如果取算术平均(9.4 ka/6=1.57 ka),则每隔1 500年左右,龙首山北缘断裂带就有一次强地震事件,即古地震平均重复间隔约1.57 ka。这和其它各大断裂带得出的古地震优势重现周期(1~2 ka)并不矛盾。①5 ka年以前龙首山北缘断裂带仅有2次古地震事件,重复间隔5.3 ka,明显偏长,可能有古地震的遗漏问题;②5 ka年以后该断裂地震活动明显丛集,最短间隔0.7 ka,最长间隔1.5 ka,平均重复间隔约0.8 ka。无论是最短、最长或平均重复间隔,均与山丹-张掖地区历史地震的最长重复间隔0.79 ka接近。     

长白山天池地区斜坡稳定性分析

长白山天池地区崩塌灾害频频发生。为分析长白山天池地区斜坡稳定性,选取龙门峰作为典型斜坡,采用有限元法对其进行应力、位移模拟分析,绘制最大、最小主应力等值线图。分析结果表明,长白山天池地区高陡斜坡整体稳定性较好,不会发生大规模崩塌。斜坡上缘表层岩体的稳定性较差,极易导致小型崩塌和危石坠落发生。并确定龙门峰两侧南北向陡崖、瀑布附近东西向陡崖及黑风口以南南北向陡崖分布区为崩塌灾害严重区。     

山地冰川冰消后（paraglacial）沉积的粒度与石英颗粒表面特征——以贡嘎山东坡为例

冰期向间冰期转换或现代全球气候变暖等背景下,冰川一旦退缩就会引发基岩和冰碛边坡失稳,甚至冰川泥石流等冰消后（paraglacial）地表过程;因此,该过程成为驱动原冰川作用区及其下游谷地地貌演化的重要因子。然而,冰消后过程时空变化特征及其驱动因子等相关研究,目前仍面临两方面问题：其一,各种冰消后沉积、冰碛等混杂堆积间判别的手段缺乏;其二,冰消后过程对下游谷地演化影响的关注不足。为此,本文以典型海洋型冰川作用区——贡嘎山东坡的冰碛和冰消后沉积为研究对象,并结合两处大陆型冰川冰碛,探讨了粒度和石英颗粒表面形态特征两个指标区分上述混杂堆积的有效性。结果表明,各种冰消后沉积物继承了源区冰碛的很多特征,但也呈现出一定独特性,指示出这两个指标综合对比的方法能实现各类冰消后沉积、冰碛的有效判别;同时,鉴于冰川性质、冰川作用期次和岩性等因素都可能影响源区冰碛的粒度和石英颗粒表面形态,以这两个指标判别时应限于同区域,避免选用沉积物的共性特征。基于贡嘎山东坡冰碛、各种冰消后沉积物与磨西台地不同层位粒度与石英颗粒表面形态的对比和聚类分析,确认台地底部和中部可能分别为MIS3冰碛与MIS3以来的泥石流沉积,上...     

葛仙山旅游资源及其远景

葛仙山位于江西省铅山县境内,是一处具有很高开发价值的道教旅游胜地。本文介绍了葛仙山的旅游资源,并对其进行了初步评价和规划,提出了合理开发葛仙山旅游资源的建议。     

CHANNEL ADJUSTMENT OF AN UNSTABLE COARSE-GRAINED STREAM: OPPOSING TRENDS OF BOUNDARY AND CRITICAL SHEAR STRESS,AND THE APPLICABILITY OF EXTREMAL HYPOTHESES

Channel adjustments in the North Fork Toutle River and the Toutle River main stem were initiated by deposition of a 2.5 km³ debris avalanche and associated lahars that accompanied the catastrophic eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington on 18 May 1980. Channel widening was the dominant process. In combination, adjustments caused average boundary shear stress to decrease non-linearly with time and critical shear stress to increase non-linearly with time. At the discharge that is equalled or exceeded 1 per cent of the time, these trends converged by 1991–1992 so that excess shear stress approached minimum values. Extremal hypotheses, such as minimization of unit stream power and minimization of the rate of energy dissipation (minimum stream power), are shown to be applicable to dynamic adjustments of the Toutle River system. Maximization of the Darcy–Weisbach friction factor did not occur, but increases in relative bed roughness, caused by the concomitant reduction in hydraulic depths and bed-material coarsening, were documented. Predictions of stable channel geometries using the minimum stream power approach were unsuccessful when compared to the 1991–1992 geometries and bed-material characteristics measured in the field. It is concluded that the predictions are not applicable because the study reaches are not truly stable and cannot become so until a new floodplain has been formed by renewed channel incision, retreat of stream-side hummocks, and establishment of riparian vegetation to limit the destabilizing effects of large floods. Further, prediction of energy slope (and consequently stream power) by the sediment transport equations is inaccurate because of the inability of the equations to account for significant contributions of finer grained (sand and gravel) bank materials (relative to the coarsened channel bed) from bank retreat and from upstream terrace erosion.     

珠穆朗玛峰地区近34年来气候变化

利用珠穆朗玛峰地区中国境内5个气象站1971~2004年月平均气温、月平均最高、最低气温、月降水资料,采用气候线性趋势分析、滑动平均、低通滤波、累积距平等方法对珠峰地区近34年气候变化的时空分布特征进行了分析。结果表明：(1) 1971~2004年珠峰地区气温呈现出明显的上升趋势,其中海拔最高的定日站增幅最高,且以冬半年非生长季气温增长更为显著;(2) 近34年珠峰地区的变暖要明显早于中国及全球,且升温幅度更大;(3) 珠峰南、北翼降水变化趋势明显不同,北翼4站降水以增加趋势为主,但是总体显著性水平不高,而珠峰南翼的聂拉木降水以减少趋势为主,从90年代初开始降水以较大幅度减少;(4) 与已有研究结果比较发现：珠峰高海拔地区是中国同期升温最显著的区域。设立在海拔5032 m珠峰大本营的世界上海拔最高的无人值守实时自动气象站将会在全球变化监测中发挥重要的作用。     

1971年以来珠穆朗玛峰地区气候变化

Global climate change has profound influence on natural ecosystem and socioeconomic system and is a focus which governments, scientific societies as well as common people of various countries have paid much attention to. Observations indicate that there i…     

Post-eruptive volcanic dome evolution as revealed by deformation and microgravity observations at Usu volcano (Hokkaido, Japan)

Usu volcano (Hokkaido, Japan) is a dacitic volcano, known for its high production rate of lava domes and crypto-domes. It is thus a good target to study processes of volcanic dome evolution (upheaval and/or relaxation). We carried out repeated GPS and microgravity surveys on the three most recent domes of Mt. Usu (1910: Meiji Shinzan; 1943–1945: Showa-Shinzan and 1977–1982: Usu-Shinzan). The repeat period was 1 to 2 months and extended from October 1996 to June 1997. We also compare new data with results from former studies. More than 20 years after the start of Usu-Shinzan dome growth, there is still subsidence at a maximum rate of about 7 to 8 cm/year. The reasons for this subsidence are discussed. Repeated gravity surveys revealed an increase of gravity on the domes (about 60±10 microgal/year for Usu-Shinzan, about 15 microgal at Showa-Shinzan and 10 to 20 microgal for Meiji-shinzan); this gravity increase exceeds that expected due to subsidence. We discuss and interpret the excess gravity change in terms of a density increase in the edifice, caused by a combination of processes (contraction of the edifice, water level change, devesiculisation, cooling and magma intrusion). Quantification of these processes at Usu volcano may help to understand the processes of evolution at domes on other volcanoes such as Merapi (Indonesia), Unzen (Japan) or Montserrat (West Indies).     

Clustering properties of Etna seismicity during 1981–1991

Space and time clustering properties ofseismic activity, affecting Etna Volcano (Italy)during 1981–1991, are investigated by fractaldimension analysis. Very interesting volcanic andseismic activity occurred within this time interval.Temporal evolution of the time fractal dimension D _t calculated on a moving window, revealscorrelation with the eruptive processes at differenttime scales confirming results obtained for a differenttime span (De Rubeis et al., 1997). Spatial fractaldimension D _s shows to be negativelycorrelated with the time fractal dimension D _t, suggesting a peculiar dynamic patternassociated with volcanic processes.