甘肃玉门马鬃山以北矿区矿坑水合理开发利用探讨

甘肃玉门马鬃山以北矿区位于河西走廊以北的残山丘陵及丘间盆地,距玉门市300余公里。这里环境脆弱,荒漠（主要为岩漠）化严重。地表为冲洪积、坡积和风积砂砾石、角砾土、砂及粘性土等,残山和残丘为华力西期侵入岩。侵入岩中储藏铁矿和金矿。这里降水量仅50mm左右;而蒸发量达3000mm以上。这里在矿山开发中将矿坑水任意排放,任其蒸发而损失。笔者在本区工作后认为：应重视地下水的重复利用,其一是将矿坑水排放于废弃矿井中,使用时在抽出;其二是将矿坑水排放于废渣中,做好渗滤层和集水池,上部做好防蒸发装置。     

Changes of the Hailuogou Glacier, Mt. Gongga,China, against the Background of Global Warming in the Last Several Decades

Great change, associated with global warming, has occurred at the Hailuogou (海螺沟)has retreated 1 822 m in the past 106 years, with an annual mean retreat of 17.2 m, and the front elevation has risen by 300 m since 1823. Comparison of glacier variations and temperature fluctuations in China and the Northern Hemisphere, over the last 100 years, indicates that glacier retreat stages occurred during the warm phase, and vice versa. Mass balance records during 1959/60--2003/04 have shown that the glacier has suffered a constant mass loss of snow and ice. The accumulated mass balance, -10.83 m water equivalent, indicates an annual mean value of -0.24 m water equivalent. The correlation between the mass balance and temperature is significant, which also indicates that climate warming is the crucial cause of glacier loss.Local hydrological and climatic data demonstrate that runoff from the glacier has been increasing both seasonally and annually.The correlation analysis and trend analysis indicate that ice and snow melted water is the main cause of an increase in the runoff. As the climate has become warmer, changes in the glacier surface morphology have obviously occurred. These include a decrease in glacier thickness, enlargement of glacial caves, and reduction of the size of clefts on the glacier surface. The ablation period has lengthened and the ablation area has expanded. A variety of factors thus provide evidence that the Hailuogou glacier has suffered a rapid loss of snow and ice as a result of climatic warming.     

Rates of microbial hydrogen oxidation and sulfate reduction in Opalinus Clay rock

Hydrogen gas (H₂) may be produced by the anoxic corrosion of steel components in underground structures, such as geological repositories for radioactive waste. In such environments, hydrogen was shown to serve as an electron donor for autotrophic bacteria. High gas overpressures are to be avoided in radioactive waste repositories and, thus, microbial consumption of H₂ is generally viewed as beneficial. However, to fully consider this biological process in models of repository evolution over time, it is crucial to determine the in situ rates of microbial hydrogen oxidation and sulfate reduction. These rates were estimated through two distinct in situ experiments, using several measurement and calculation methods. Volumetric consumption rates were calculated to be between 1.13 and 1.93 μmol cm⁻³ day⁻¹ for H₂, and 0.14 and 0.20 μmol cm⁻³ day⁻¹ for sulfate. Based on the stoichiometry of the reaction, there is an excess of H₂ consumed, suggesting that it serves as an electron donor to reduce electron acceptors other than sulfate, and/or that some H₂ is lost via diffusion. These rate estimates are critical to evaluate whether biological H₂ consumption can negate H₂ production in repositories, and to determine whether sulfate reduction can consume sulfate faster than it is replenished by diffusion, which could lead to methanogenic conditions.     

昆仑山世界地质公园哈萨山蛇绿岩地球化学特征及锆石U-Pb年龄

哈萨山蛇绿岩位于东昆中缝合带中部,为昆仑山世界地质公园三大核心地质遗迹之一,蛇绿岩出露较为完整,通过对蛇绿岩中堆晶辉长岩进行LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素测年研究,获得年龄值为438.5±2.6 Ma,表明蛇绿岩形成于早志留世。岩石地球化学研究显示,蛇纹岩的原岩为橄榄岩类,蛇纹岩的稀土元素总量较低,呈右倾斜的配分曲线;辉长岩显示轻稀土较重稀土富集,具有不同程度的Eu负异常,配分曲线较为平缓,略呈右倾型;玄武岩具有轻稀土较重稀土富集的特征,具有明显的Eu负异常,相对富集大离子亲石元素,高场强元素呈平坦型,Nb、P轻微亏损,各样品配分曲线大致平行于E-MORB谱线,显示为同源岩浆,主要表现为E-MORB特征,并具有洋中脊向洋岛过渡的特征,其形成的构造环境应属初始小洋盆,可能为原特提斯洋洋壳残迹,形成于洋陆转换早期。     

玉龙雪山国家地质公园地质遗迹资源类型划分及其综合评价

通过文献综述和多次野外考察,依据国土资源部针对地质遗迹印发的最新分类标准,对玉龙雪山地质公园内地质遗迹资源进行分类,并运用层次分析法与综合评估方法对地质遗迹资源亚类进行评价。结果表明：地质公园内地质遗迹资源可分为地质剖面、地质构造、地貌景观、环境地质遗迹景观、水体景观5个大类、9个类、15个亚类;评价因子权重文化属性>自然属性,科研价值=科普价值>美学价值>经济社会价值>典型性>稀有性>系统性>历史文化价值>自然性;地质遗迹资源亚类划分为三级,其中有I级地质遗迹亚类4个、Ⅱ级8个、Ⅲ级3个。总体上,玉龙雪山国家地质公园内地质遗迹类型多样且保存完整,以河流地貌和构造地质遗迹为主要代表,以冰川地质遗迹为主要特色。地质遗迹资源丰富、普遍品质高,有极高的科研、科普价值,尤其是地学方面的研究意义重大。通过对玉龙雪山国家地质公园地质遗迹评价,为地质公园内地质遗迹资源保护和可持续发展提供基础资料和科学参考。     

甘肃龙首山成矿带东段闪长玢岩锆石U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

为了探讨龙首山成矿带东段与铀成矿关系密切的灰绿色闪长玢岩的成因、侵位时代及与铀成矿的关系,对其进行了锆石U-Pb年代学、岩石地球化学、成矿背景等分析。分析结果表明,岩石具有富铝、富碱、轻稀土元素相对富集和高场强元素亏损的地球化学特征,岩石类型属于准铝质钙碱性系列,其岩浆可能源于下地壳基性岩的部分熔融;闪长玢岩的U-Pb年龄为(422.3±3.6)Ma,结合其穿切的蚀变带的原岩花岗闪长岩的年龄,推测了研究区内的碱交代岩的形成时间为433~423 Ma。同时沿断裂分布的闪长玢岩脉为后期铀成矿提供了良好的地球化学障和成矿空间,在区内具有较好的找矿潜力;在龙首山东段地区寻找碱交代型铀矿化时,其可作为找矿标志之一。     

Stratigraphic framework for the Leichhardt and Calvert Superbasins: Review and correlations of the pre‐ 1700 Ma successions between Mt Isa and McArthur River

New stratigraphic, geochemical and palaeomagnetic data from the Peters Creek Volcanics are used to revise the correlations of part of the Palaeoproterozoic of northern Australia. The revised geological history for these cover rocks of the Murphy Inlier is extrapolated into the 1800–1700 Ma successions of the McArthur Basin and Mt Isa regions. New stratigraphic subdivisions and relationships are contrasted with the established lithostratigraphic schemes and also with conflicting published tectono‐stratigraphic interpretations. For the first time, a plethora of stratigraphic units can be rationalised into two major superbasins, the Leichhardt and Calvert Superbasins, and into eight pseudo‐chronostratigraphic basin phases (Associations A‐H). There are few absolute age constraints, but lateral correlations of the units in these eight basin phases are proposed. Results from the overlying Isa Superbasin (<1670 Ma) suggest that these eight associations probably represent second‐order supersequences. Mixed non‐marine and marine coarse clastics, deposited between about 1790 and 1780 Ma dominate Associations A and B. In the Mt Isa region these were deposited in an initial rift then a thermal relaxation or sag phase. To the northwest, however, the succession is dominated by rift facies. Association C is a widespread flood basalt and immature clastic suite that was deposited in clearly defined, north‐trending half‐grabens in the Mt Isa region. Along the southern edge of the Murphy Inlier, however, geophysically defined half‐grabens, filled with magnetic rocks (basalt), trend orthogonal to those at Mt Isa. North of the inlier Association C is much thinner, and little can be deduced about its palaeogeography. Association D is only present in the Mt Isa region as the Myally Subgroup. Differing views on its tectonic setting and environments of deposition, as presented in recent papers, are reviewed. Association E, deposited around 1755 Ma, is a regional sag phase with mixed clastic‐carbonate, shallow‐marine lithofacies in all areas. There is a major gap in the rock record between about 1750 and 1735 Ma which is probably related to widespread basin inversion. The Mid‐Tawallah Compressional Event (McArthur River area) and the Wonga Extension Event (Eastern Succession, Mt Isa) are both about this age. The overlying Association F is a thin, laterally uniform, upward‐fining succession that commences with shallow‐marine clastics and evolves through deeper marine clastics and ends in evaporitic facies. There are broad similarities between Associations F and E so interpretation as a third regional sag is favoured. The absence of Association F at Mt Isa may indicate that basin inversion was longer lived in the southeast. The youngest associations, G and H, are complex interstratified mixtures of felsic‐mafic igneous rocks and immature clastics. U–;Pb zircon SHRIMP ages appear to cluster around 1725 Ma and 1710 Ma, but they may all be part of one thermal event. These eight associations may represent the tectono‐magmatic response of the lithosphere during and after the Strangways Orogeny (1780–1730 Ma).     

Chemical Composition of Aerosol and Fresh Snow and Tourism Influences at Baishui Glacier No.1 from Mt. Yulong,Southeastern Tibetan Plateau

Aerosol and snow samples were collected at ablation zone of Baishui(白水) Glacier No.1,Mt.Yulong(玉龙),from May to June,2006.The concentrations of Cl-,NO3-,SO42-,Na+,K+,Mg2+,and Ca2+ were determined by ion chromatograph both in aerosol and snow samples.The average totalaerosol loading is 25.45 neq·scm-1,NO3-and Na+ are the dominant soluble ions in the aerosol,accounting for 39% and 21% of average total aerosol loading,respectively.Monsoon circulation reduces the concentration of most ions,indicating that wet sc...     

雪峰山西麓中生代盆地属性及构造意义

雪峰山西侧发育一系列的中生代盆地,它们的形成与后期变形是华南地区晚三叠世以来板内变形的响应。晚三叠世-早、中侏罗世,雪峰山地区由于桃江-安化-溆浦断裂的左行压剪作用,在雪峰山西北侧形成早期沅麻前陆盆地,而在雪峰山中南段由于走滑作用形成拉分盆地,雪峰山西侧印支期并不存在统一的前陆盆地,其印支期造山规模很有限,为陆内造山。从白垩纪开始,雪峰山西麓盆地进入不同的构造体制环境,总体上经历了三期主要的盆地形成和改造事件。白垩纪早期沅麻盆地进入区域伸展阶段,该期的盆地并不是前人认为的前陆盆地,古水流表明物源为东西两侧的雪峰山和武陵山,而中期沅麻盆地继承早期的伸展体制,生长地层、地堑、地垒结构发育,古水流指示物源依旧是两侧山地,该期伸展可能与整个华南同期的伸展一样受控于同样的机制。进入新生代,雪峰山西麓盆地经历了两期重要的变形改造阶段,早期由于桃江-安化-溆浦的右行走滑,产生了北东向的主压应力,在沅麻盆地中产生了北东走向的张节理,这些节理在后期往往发育成正断层,造成这期变形的原因是由于55～25Ma之间,印度-欧亚板块的碰撞在整个东亚地区产生的一系列右行走滑断裂所致。新生代后期变形体现在北西—南东向挤压,在沅麻盆地以及天柱盆地东缘形成了一系列的逆冲构造,古生界以及元古界逆冲于中生界之上,这期挤压在盆地中形成了稳定分布的一组共轭节理。这期变形与整个东部中新世变形可能有同一的构造背景,其原因与太平洋板块的俯冲无关,而与菲律宾海板块于中新世左右由南向北运移并与华南大陆碰撞有关。     

珠穆朗玛峰北坡地区气温和湿度变化特征

珠穆朗玛峰地区由于其独特的自然地理条件、举世无双的高度、脆弱而敏感的环境使其成为气候变化和环境变迁的敏感区.根据2007年5月至2008年8月在珠穆朗玛峰北坡地区7个不同海拔高度观测的逐时气温和空气湿度资料分析了该地区气温和湿度的时空变化特征.结果表明,在海拔5207、5792和5955m高度处的年平均气温分别为0.2、-4.4和-5.4℃,最高气温分别为14.6、9.1和18,6℃,最低气温分别为-24.2、-28.8和- 29.3℃;除在冰川表面以外,空气相对湿度随海拔高度的升高没有明显变化.气温和相对湿度的年变化幅度随海拔高度的升高而减小.由于冰面近地层逆温层顶部暖空气与冷空气的混合作用造成其最高气温出现时间晚于其他下垫面.年平均温度递减率为(0.72±0.01)℃/100 m,并且呈现出明显的季节变化特征.同时结合定日气象站1959--2007年的气温和降水资料,探讨了对珠穆朗玛峰北坡绒布冰川变化的影响.