The mass of the Andromeda galaxy

This paper argues that the Milky Way galaxy is probably the largest member of the Local Group. The evidence comes from estimates of the total mass of the Andromeda galaxy (M31) derived from the three-dimensional positions and radial velocities of its satellite galaxies, as well as the projected positions and radial velocities of its distant globular clusters and planetary nebulae. The available data set comprises 10 satellite galaxies, 17 distant globular clusters and nine halo planetary nebulae with radial velocities. We find that the halo of Andromeda has a mass of together with a scalelength of 90 kpc and a predominantly isotropic velocity distribution. For comparison, our earlier estimate for the Milky Way halo is Although the error bars are admittedly large, this suggests that the total mass of M31 is probably less than that of the Milky Way . We verify the robustness of our results to changes in the modelling assumptions and to errors caused by the small size and incompleteness of the data set.
Our surprising claim can be checked in several ways in the near future. The numbers of satellite galaxies, planetary nebulae and globular clusters with radial velocities can be increased by ground-based spectroscopy, while the proper motions of the companion galaxies and the unresolved cores of the globular clusters can be measured using the astrometric satellites Space Interferometry Mission ( SIM ) and Global Astrometric Interferometer for Astrophysics ( GAIA ). Using 100 globular clusters at projected radii 20 R 50 kpc with both radial velocities and proper motions, it will be possible to estimate the mass within 50 kpc to an accuracy of 20 per cent. Measuring the proper motions of the companion galaxies with SIM and GAIA will reduce the uncertainty in the total mass caused by the small size of the data set to 22 per cent.     

Comparison of parallel group velocity of ECH waves with electron resonant velocity: Implication for electron diffusion by ECH waves

We have investigated the role of group velocity in the calculation of pitch-angle diffusion coefficients by electron cyclotron harmonic (ECH) waves in planetary magnetospheres. The assumption which is generally made that the parallel group velocity can be neglected in comparison with particle parallel velocity is examined in detail. It is found that for lowest harmonic band this assumption is quite good. It is found that in general it is not possible to ignore the parallel group velocity. However, for lowest harmonic band this assumption is quite good at low electron temperatures.     

论江苏东海早白垩世地层

主要论述了江苏东海南古寨村一带产恐龙足印化石地层的岩石地层归属和地质时代,认为这套地层应归于大盛群,而不宜归于青山群或孟疃组,时代为早白垩世晚期。江苏东海南古寨村一带大量恐龙足印化石的发现不仅填补了江苏不产恐龙化石的空白,而且也为该县增添了新的旅游资源。     

Are the South and North Liaohe Groups of North China Craton different exotic terranes? Nd isotope constraints

The Liaohe Group is an important Paleoproterozoic stratigraphic unit in the northeastern part of the North China Craton and is traditionally subdivided into the North and South Liaohe Groups. Associated with both the North and South Liaohe Groups are voluminous Paleoproterozoic granitoid rocks, named the Liaoji granitoids. Different tectonic models, including terrane amalgamation, continent–arc collision and rift closure, have been proposed to interpret the tectonic setting and evolution of the North and South Liaohe Groups and associated Liaoji granitoids. At the centre of the controversy between these models is whether or not the North and South Liaohe Groups developed on the same Archean basement. Nd isotopic geochemistry of the Liaoji granitoids provides important constraints on this controversial issue. The Liaoji granitoids associated with the North and South Liaohe Groups display similar ε_Nd values, restricted to a narrow range from 0 to 2, implying that these granitoid rocks were derived from the same or a similar magma source. Moreover, the Liaoji granitoids associated with the North and South Liaohe Groups have similar Nd model ages (T_DM), ranging from 2.4 to 2.6 Ga, suggesting that the protoliths of the Liaoji granitoids associated with both groups may have formed simultaneously, and that the basement rocks underneath the Liaoji granitoids and associated North and South Liaohe Groups belong to the same continental block rather than two different blocks. Combining lithological, structural and geochronological considerations, we interpret the North and South Liaohe Groups as having developed on a single late Archean basement that underwent Paleoproterozoic rifting associated with the intrusion of the Liaoji granitoids and the formation of the Liaohe Group, and closed upon itself in the Paleoproterozoic.     

可可西里盆地东部五道梁群热水湖相成因新认识

五道梁地区位于青藏高原北部可可西里盆地东部,其中新世发育一系列古湖泊,保存有大套碳酸盐沉积。本文通过对五道梁北山含叠层石剖面和南部剖面进行矿物学、元素地球化学研究,发现叠层石剖面主要矿物为方解石和少量石英,而南侧剖面则含有铁白云石、方解石、石英和钠长石。铁白云石和钠长石次生加大边的发现说明该区曾受热水活动的影响。元素分析结果也显示As、Sb、Ba、Fe等热水沉积标志元素含量较高,且Ni/Co、Mn/Sr、V/Cr、V/Sc等比值也较高;加之稀土元素配分模式和碳氧同位素特征均表明该地区为热水湖相沉积。另外叠层藻的出现也反映当时湖水温度至少为20~30℃。综合各种分析结果说明五道梁群为热水湖相成因,该区中新世发育有大量火山岩,因此可作为下一步寻找火山沉积型硼矿床重要线索。     

胶-辽-吉造山带北辽河变基性岩的成因、地球化学属性及其构造意义

大规模出露于胶-辽-吉造山带的北辽河变基性岩(NLHmetabasicrocks)是恢复造山带构造演化的关键之一,然而,研究者们对这些变基性岩的成因和构造环境有很大争议,制约了对胶-辽-吉造山带早期构造演化的深入研究。基于详细的野外地质调查,本文对北辽河变基性岩进行了系统的岩石学研究并提供了新的全岩地球化学数据,结合前人的测试结果,我们对这些变基性岩的成因和构造环境进行了相关探讨。变基性岩侵入于北辽河群的大理岩和碎屑岩中,经历了一定程度的蚀变以及绿片岩相-角闪岩相变质。岩石类型包括变质辉长岩、变质辉绿岩、斜长角闪岩以及石榴斜长角闪岩;前两者具有明显的变余辉长或者辉绿结构,可见自形斜长石,少见原生矿物单斜辉石的残留;后两者主要由斜长石和角闪石组成,部分含有石榴子石变斑晶;此外,岩石中出现大量Fe-Ti氧化物(磁铁矿和钛铁矿)。地球化学研究表明,北辽河变基性岩均属于拉斑玄武岩系列(SiO_2=44.55%~54.11%,Nb/Y=0.16~0.31),以低TiO_2(0.69%~1.99%)和低MgO(多数5.47%~7.97%)为特征,轻稀土轻微富集((La/Sm)_N=1.22~2.66;(La/Yb)_N=1.66~4.56),并具有明显的Nb、Ta、P以及轻微的Zr、Ti亏损,岩石经历了橄榄石、单斜辉石和斜长石等矿物的三相结晶分异以及Fe-Ti氧化物(磁铁矿和钛铁矿)的堆晶;它们的微量元素配分型式类似于E-MORB和地壳岩石,并且地球化学组成与MORB相近,而不同于弧玄武岩和板内玄武岩;这些变基性岩的Ce/Pb(3.07~26.58)、(Ta/La)PM(0.47~1.45)以及(Hf/Sm)PM(0.91~1.15)显示出有限的俯冲相关流体的交代作用;此外,大多数不相容元素比值(例如Th/Nb、La/Nb及Th/La等)的变化趋势则表明北辽河变基性岩的岩浆源区不可能是大陆岩石圈地幔,并且在形成过程中经历了明显的地壳物质混染。基于这些野外地质调查和地球化学研究,我们认为北辽河变基性岩应形成于相对成熟的弧后盆地,这样一个形成环境也表明胶-辽-吉造山带在早期存在~2.1Ga的洋壳俯冲过程,该构造带应该是~1.9Ga岛弧与大陆碰撞形成的一条古元古代造山带。     

华北秦皇岛地区柳江盆地马家沟组碳酸盐岩多期白云化作用

华北秦皇岛地区的中奥陶统马家沟组以广泛发育海相白云质灰岩、灰质白云岩和白云岩为特征。在石门寨奥陶系亮甲山剖面,马家沟组自下而上识别出四类碳酸盐岩:含白云石泥晶灰岩（类型I）、细-粉晶白云岩（类型II）、“麦粒状”细-粉晶白云岩（类型III）和钙质泥晶白云岩（类型IV）。类型I主要由泥晶方解石构成,含三叶虫和介形类生物碎片,少量自形的粉晶白云石呈“漂浮状”分布于压溶缝合线内,基质中少见。岩相学和地球化学特征表明此类白云石形成于埋藏成岩期压溶作用之后,压溶缝为云化流体提供通道,压溶缝内泥质组分的成岩转化可能为白云化作用提供了部分镁离子来源;类型II白云岩主要由自形、半自形不等粒粉晶-细晶白云石构成,白云石普遍具有“雾心亮边”,在背散射和阴极发光照片中白云石可见清晰的多圈亮、暗相间环带。环带和带间主量元素的差异表明白云石经历了埋藏成岩期多期成岩流体的改造;类型III白云岩中白云石呈单向延伸的“米粒”或“麦粒”状,粉晶为主,晶体长轴方向具有垂直结晶轴c的特点,白云石具富铁、贫锰、锶的特点,长、短对角线上钙、镁离子的微小差异以及阴极发光特征表明此类白云石也经历了埋藏成岩期的改造,成岩流体使白云石发生微溶作用可能是导致白云石晶体单向延伸且光学性质固定取向的主要原因;类型IV为钙质泥晶球粒白云岩,含石膏假晶,白云石多为微晶和微亮晶,球粒也多由微晶白云石构成,溶孔发育,但全被亮晶贫铁方解石充填,此类岩石的白云化作用发生得很早,可能形成于潮上带澙湖或潮坪环境。综上所述,研究区马家沟组碳酸盐岩具有经历了不同类型及多期白云化作用的特点。自剖面底部向顶部,白云石的有序度由0.8降至0.47,而去云化作用则呈现逐渐增强的趋势。     

内蒙古鄂尔多斯盆地下白垩统罗汉洞组剑龙类化石新材料

鄂尔多斯盆地下白垩统志丹群产出丰富的四足类动物化石:龟类、离龙类、鳄形类、鹦鹉嘴龙类、剑龙类、甲龙类、兽脚类、鸟类和早期哺乳类。采自内蒙古杭锦旗老龙豁子志丹群罗汉洞组剑龙类关联的荐椎与肠骨化石新标本,其形态特征显示该标本可被归为鄂尔多斯乌尔禾龙(Wuerhosaurus ordosensis)。该标本解剖学研究表明,鄂尔多斯乌尔禾龙腰带还具有以下特征:上髋臼面前缘向后凹而后缘内侧更加内凹。鄂尔多斯乌尔禾龙(Wuerhosaurus ordosensis)和新疆准噶尔盆地的平坦乌尔禾龙(Wuerhosaurus homheni)在腰带上存在明显区别:(1)鄂尔多斯乌尔禾龙肠骨前突延伸较短,肠骨前突背缘向后逐渐向背侧拱曲、高度逐渐加大,而平坦乌尔禾龙肠骨前突后端背腹缘大致平行;(2)鄂尔多斯乌尔禾龙上髋臼面较小;(3)鄂尔多斯乌尔禾龙左右肠骨前突延伸方向与中轴线之间的夹角略小于平坦乌尔禾龙。这些区别进一步表明,鄂尔多斯乌尔禾龙和平坦乌尔禾龙是不同的种。     

桂北地区丹洲群碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素特征及其地质意义

桂北丹洲群顶部拱洞组粉砂岩的碎屑锆石的阴极发光图像和Th/U(0.2~2.4)值显示,它们均为岩浆成因的锆石。锆石~(206)Pb/~(238)Pb年龄分布在730~769Ma和771~850Ma之间,这些锆石的Hf同位素成分范围较大,ε_(Hf)(t)值和二阶段Hf模式年龄(T_(DM2))分别为-18.4~11.4和1020~2812Ma。此外,样品中还有一些年龄较老的锆石颗粒,~(207)Pb/~(206)Pb年龄为1910~3140Ma,ε_(Hf)(t)值和二阶段Hf模式年龄(T_(DM2))分别为-13.6~3.4和2740~3635Ma。结合前人的研究推测,桂北丹洲群拱洞组沉积年龄小于等于706±10Ma,物源主要由扬子板块新元古代岩浆岩组成,也有少量太古宙岩浆岩的加入。推测中国华南地区存在对应于Rodinia超大陆聚合相关的格林威尔运动的响应。根据已测锆石的ε_(Hf)(t)值和Hf二阶段模式年龄推断,研究区地壳生长主要经历3个阶段:(1)3.64~3.25Ga,初生地壳出现在3.64Ga;(2)2.98~2.37Ga;(3)2.19~1.28Ga,地壳生长的主要时期。