Geological controls on the geometry of incised‐valley fills: Insights from a global dataset of late‐Quaternary examples

Incised valleys that develop due to relative sea‐level change are common features of continental shelves and coastal plains. Assessment of the factors that control the geometry of incised‐valley fills has hitherto largely relied on conceptual, experimental or numerical models, else has been grounded on case studies of individual depositional systems. Here, a database‐driven statistical analysis of 151 late‐Quaternary incised‐valley fills has been performed, the aim being to investigate the geological controls on their geometry. Results of this analysis have been interpreted with consideration of the role of different processes in determining the geometry of incised‐valley fills through their effect on the degree and rate of river incision, and on river size and mobility. The studied incised‐valley fills developed along active margins are thicker and wider, on average, than those along passive margins, suggesting that tectonic setting exerts a control on the geometry of incised‐valley fills, probably through effects on relative sea‐level change and river behaviour, and in relation to distinct characteristics of basin physiography, water discharge and modes of sediment delivery. Valley‐fill geometry is positively correlated with the associated drainage‐basin size, confirming the dominant role of water discharge. Climate is also inferred to exert a potential control on valley‐fill dimensions, possibly through modulations of temperature, peak precipitation, vegetation and permafrost, which would in turn affect water discharge, rates of sediment supply and valley‐margin stability. Shelves with slope breaks that are currently deeper than 120 m contain incised‐valley fills that are thicker and wider, on average, than those hosted on shelves with breaks shallower than 120 m. No correlation exists between valley‐fill thickness and present‐day coastal‐prism convexity, which is measured as the difference in gradient between lower coastal plains and inner shelves. These findings challenge some concepts embedded in sequence stratigraphic thinking, and have significant implications for analysis and improved understanding of ‘source to sink’ sediment route‐ways, and for attempting predictions of the occurrence and characteristics of hydrocarbon reservoirs.     

金沙江深切河谷百胜滑坡演化过程及成因机制

受青藏高原地质构造作用和末次冰期暖湿气候的影响,金沙江深切成谷,高山峡谷区发育大量的大型滑坡,在降雨和河（库）水升降等作用下复活。为了分析降雨型深切河谷的斜坡稳定性机制,以百胜滑坡为例,采用地面调查和地质力学分析方法,对滑坡的演化过程、形成机制、地质力学模型进行研究。研究表明,滑坡形成及复活演化过程可分为原始斜坡、岩体卸荷劣化、挤压塑性流变、降雨诱发失稳、滑体解体压密蠕滑、局部复活等6个阶段。在深切河谷的形成过程中,斜坡岩体在卸荷拉裂、后期水弱化和泥化等多种耦合作用下由稳态逐步演化至失稳。计算结果表明,天然工况下稳定性系数为1.12,处于基本稳定状态;暴雨及库水位涨落工况下稳定性系数为0.98,失稳破坏。     

Dynamic characteristics and hazard assessment of debris flow in Shangyao valley

Shangyao valley is located in Jin’an village of Songpan in Sichuan. Many material sources are accumulated in valleys. The debris flow will be triggered by a rain storm with short-duration and strong intensity, which may threaten people’s lives and property in downstream. Based on the investigation,the formation conditions of debris flow and its dynamic characteristics are analyzed and its hazard assessment is investigated. Research shows that there is the potential cause of debris flow in Shangyao valley,which is of the middle risk class.     

萨拉乌苏河流域MGS4层段记录的末次冰期早冰阶气候波动

萨拉乌苏河流域米浪沟湾末次冰期早冰阶时期记录了5.5个由古沙丘砂与河流相、湖沼相构成的沉积旋回。对各沉积旋回的粒度及微量元素分析表明,河流相和湖沼相的平均粒径Mz、分选系数σ和SC/D的值明显高于古沙丘砂,河湖相中的微量元素Mn、P、Rb、Zr、V、Ni含量普遍较古沙丘砂含量高,而Ba、Co等则呈现相反的变化;这些气候代用指标的波动构成了与沉积旋回相对应的5.5个粒度及微量元素变化旋回,指示了该地末次冰期早冰阶至少经历了6次冷干和5次暖湿的气候波动,其中若干次气候回暖事件和冷干事件可与格陵兰冰芯和葫芦洞石笋等记录的D/O事件和Heinrich事件相对应。米浪沟湾剖面地层记录的千年尺度气候波动既是对东亚季风环流演变历史的体现,同时也是对全球气候变化的响应。     

多维地震输入下曲线匝道桥梁伸缩缝碰撞响应

针对曲线匝道桥梁伸缩缝地震碰撞破坏现象,依托某市多层互通式立交体系中一座独立、单支、多联、曲线、箱梁匝道桥,用Kelvin接触单元模拟了伸缩缝处地震和碰撞效应,建立了全桥空间动力分析模型。利用非线性时程分析法,分别输入单维(X方向、Y方向)和多维共8种地震动工况,分析了曲线匝道桥梁伸缩缝的地震碰撞响应差异。结果表明:曲线匝道桥梁由于曲率的影响,不同方向地震动响应存在耦合效应,其伸缩缝碰撞响应的最不利值应考虑多维地震输入工况,并用碰撞力和碰撞位移双指标控制伸缩缝的地震碰撞响应。     

斜入射平面SH波在层状半空间中沉积谷地周围的三维散射

采用直接刚度法计算自由场动力响应,以层状半空间中移动斜线均布荷载动力格林函数模拟散射波场,采用间接边界元方法求解了层状半空间中沉积谷地对斜入射平面SH波的三维散射问题.由于文中采用的层状场地三维动力刚度矩阵是精确的,且用于模拟散射波场的均布移动斜线荷载可以直接施加在沉积交界面处而不存在奇异性,所以本文方法具有很高精度.文中以均匀半空间和基岩上单一土层中沉积谷地对入射SH波的散射为例进行了数值计算,研究表明,沉积谷地对地震波的三维散射与二维散射之间存在本质差别;层状半空间中沉积谷地与均匀半空间中沉积谷地附近地表位移存在显著差异.     

榆树地震台地电场观测数据分析

处理、分析榆树地震台自建台以来2 604天的地电场分钟值数据,结果表明;①该台地电场正常的日变化曲线形态呈现典型的"双峰单谷"变化;②地电场分钟值曲线峰谷极值时间与本地日出和日落时间吻合;③地电场观测记录的短周期信号(小于1 h)受观测环境的影响较小;④在中强地震前,能够捕捉到明显的异常信息,等等。     

淮河下游初夏小时内降水分级与雷达信息特征

利用淮河下游盐城市多普勒天气雷达和雷达扫描范围内建湖县降水量资料,对2008年6月的6次小时内三等级降水过程进行环流背景和局地雷达信息特征分析,其中对不同等级降水又给出夜雨及午后雨降水日变化分类。在环流背景基础上,通过综合分析对应各级各类降水的多普勒天气雷达降水回波的滤波强度分布特征,以及相应时空的雷达径向风场沿体扫倾斜面的分布结构,归纳出小时内降水量级的动力信息特征。在两类主导性天气尺度环流背景下,局地雷达要素空间分布特征为：同等量级降水,夜间的平均回波强度明显弱于白天;上游补充回波范围指示降水连续性质;上游长而强的回波带支持下一小时短时强降水;沿经建湖的局地雷达倾斜体扫半径剖面, 径向风的风向风速辐合中心的高度越低,辐合层次越宽厚,对应的降水级别越大;在同等降雨量级中,沿倾斜的体扫半径的局地风速强切变,通过上下动量传递和水汽混合,维持着更强的降水。     

1971—2009年金沙江流域气候变化特征及对生态环境的影响

基于1971—2009年金沙江流域(云南段)35个气象站的逐月平均气温、降水量和蒸发量,分析了近40 a金沙江流域的上段、中段、下段的气象要素变化趋势。结果表明：近40 a来,金沙江流域的年平均气温变化幅度为0.29 ℃/10 a;在空间分布上,流域中段的年平均气温相对较高且升温幅度达到0.46 ℃/10 a,上段的年平均气温低且变化幅度不大。金沙江流域的年平均降水量以8.89 mm/10 a 的速率增加;春季流域的年平均降水量最大,在空间分布上,流域的上段、中段的年平均降水量呈增加趋势,而在下段呈下降趋势。各气象要素年代变化趋势不太明显。金沙江流域云南段的气候变化对流域内自然生态系统、水资源量、自然灾害等产生影响,从而加剧了流域内生态系统的脆弱性,并在一定程度上影响区域的经济发展水平。     

黄河流域夏季旱涝变化及气候物理因素的影响

利用1951-2008年NCAR/NCEP再分析资料及中国气象局整编的160站降水资料,探讨了黄河流域夏季降水气候分布范围,在此基础上研究了黄河流域夏季降水旱涝的年代际变化特点。结果表明：20世纪90年代以前,黄河流域夏季旱涝变化为9-11 a和2-3 a周期,20世纪90年代后周期变化不明显。对导致黄河流域夏季旱涝的气候物理因素分析表明,东亚高度场负距平异常直接造成中国黄河流域的夏季偏旱,而亚洲高度距平场东高西低的配置造成黄河流域偏涝;夏季南亚季风、东亚季风在黄河流域的辐合是流域降水偏多的关键。在同期OLR距平场,涝年黄河流域处在大的负距平中,对流强盛有利于水汽的辐合。影响大气的主要下垫面要素海温场,赤道东太平洋海温指数与夏季黄河流域降水同期呈负相关关系。流域旱年赤道东太平洋海温多为正位相,对应流域涝年赤道东太平洋海温多为负位相。本研究提出了一个寻找旱涝成因方法并为预测旱涝提供了科学参考。