初论陆内造山带的造山模式──以四川龙门山为例

四川龙门山造山带是陆内造山带的一个典型实例。陆内造山带经历了漫长的发展演化历史。前寒武纪时期的环境是属于古板块俯冲、碰撞的历史。具活动性大陆边缘性质，岩浆变质作用强烈，构造混杂明显。古生代以来转入地台环境，形成台相沉积。中生代早期转入陆内造山阶段。由早期的褶皱造山进而转化为推覆造山。两类不同性质的造山运动伴随了两类不同性质的前陆沉积盆地的形成和两类不同性质的沉积体系的形成。最终的区域构造特征不同程度地保留了陆内造山各阶段的地质记录，而以最后一次的推覆造山作用的影响最深刻。陆内造山的动力机制是与区域性的板块构造活动的大环境密切相关的。     

The Uplift of the Longmenshan Thrust Belt and Subsidence of the West Sichuan Foreland Basin

Based on fission track dating of apatite, and measurement of vitrinite reflectance of rock samples from the Longmenshan (Longmen Mountain)area and the West Sichuan foreland basin and computer modelling it is concluded that (l)the Songpan-Garze fold belt has uplifted at least by 3-4 km with an uplift rate of no less than 0.3-0.4 mm/a since 10 Ma B.P.; (2) the Longmenshan thrust nappe belt has uplifted at least by 5-6 km with an uplift rate of more than 0.5- 0.6 mm /a since 10 Ma B.P.; (3) the Longmenshan detachment belt has uplifted by 1 - 2 km at a rate of 0.016-0.032 mm/a since 60 Ma B.P.; (4) the West Sichuan foreland basin has uplifted by 1.7-3 km at a rate of 0.028-0.05 mm/a since 60 Ma B.P.; (5) the uplift rate of the area on the west side of the Beichuan-Yingxiu-Xiaoguanzi fault for the last 10 Ma is 40 times as much as that on its east side; (6) the uplifting of the the Songpan - Garze fold belt and the subsidence of the West Sichuan foreland basin 60 Ma ago exhibit a mirro-image correlation, i.e     

Geohydrological models and earthquake effects at Yucca Mountain, Nevada

 Yucca Mountain, the proposed site for the high-level nuclear waste repository, is located just south of where the present water table begins a sharp rise in elevation. This large hydraulic gradient is a regional feature that extends for over 100 km. Yucca Mountain and its vicinity are underlain by faulted and fractured tuffs with hydraulic conductivities controlled by flow through the fractures. Close to and parallel with the region of large hydraulic gradient, and surrounding the core of the Timber Mountain Caldera, there is a 10- to 20-km-wide zone containing few faults and thus, most likely, few open fractures. Consequently, this zone should have a relatively low hydraulic conductivity, and this inference is supported by the available conductivity measurements in wells near the large hydraulic gradient. Also, slug injection tests indicate significantly higher pressures for fracture opening in wells located near the large hydraulic gradient compared to the opening pressures in wells further to the south, hence implying that lower extensional stresses prevail to the north with consequently fewer open fractures there. Analytical and numerical modeling shows that such a boundary between media of high and low conductivity can produce the observed, large hydraulic gradient, with the high conductivity medium having a lower elevation than the water table. Further, as fractures can close due to tectonic activity, the conductivity of the Yucca Mountain tuffs can be reduced to a value near that for the hydraulic barrier due to strain release by a moderate earthquake. Under these conditions, simulations show that the elevation of the steady-state water table could rise between 150 and 250 m at the repository site. This elevation rise is due to the projected shift in the location of the large hydraulic gradient to the south in response to a moderate earthquake, near magnitude 6, along one of the major normal faults adjacent to Yucca Mountain. As the proposed repository would only be 200–400 m above the present water table, this predicted rise in the water table indicates a potential hazard involving water intrusion. Received: 7 June 1996 / Accepted: 19 November 1996     

龙门山平驿铺组沉积体系及旋回层序研究

本文首次从龙门山区下泥盆统平驿铺组中，划分出河口湾、三角洲、滨岸和陆棚四个沉积体系和三个Ⅲ级Ｔ－Ｒ旋回层序。平面上，四个沉积体系组成了扬子板块西侧的古大陆边缘由过渡相区和滨岸相区相间分布的古地理格局；垂向上，两相区中的三个Ⅲ级Ｔ—Ｒ旋回层序也由不同的沉积体系组成，旋回层序的演化虽然受构造差异沉降影响，但仍以Ⅲ级海平面升降变化为主要控制因素，并具同步演化规律，可分别代表古大陆边缘活动型和相对稳定型的两种Ⅲ级Ｔ—Ｒ旋回层序模式。     

GRADIENT DISTRIBUTION OF ACID RAIN IN THE SCENIC RESORT OF THE BAIYUN MOUNTAIN IN GUANGZHOU

1 INTRODUCTION Sitting in the central part of the Pearl River Delta, Guangzhou is one of the cities in China that are most polluted by acid rain. Broad attention has been brought to the problem. Since the early 1980s, a series of observation and studies h…     

新疆及边邻地区7级以上地震前后北天山地下流体动态的异常变化

重点分析了新疆及边邻地区1980年以来6次7级以上地震前后北天山地下流体动态异常资料，其中3次地震前地下水有短期前兆异常变化，震时同震地震波效应普遍存在，震后异常十分突出且幅度大；以水位为主的水动力学效应反映了大区域应力调整过程具有不可逆特征。水文地球化学参数的变化不敏感。讨论了地下水远程效应与井震距离的关系以及阶跃异常的幅度等问题。     

金沙江下游白鹤滩水电站岩体结构的建造特征

拟建的白鹤滩水电站的坝基为峨眉山玄武岩。峨眉山玄武岩由火山熔岩类、火山碎屑熔岩类、火山碎屑岩类和沉积火山碎屑岩类所组成。火山熔岩又可划分为斜斑玄武岩、块状玄武岩和杏仁状玄武岩;火山碎屑岩包括集块岩、火山角砾岩以及凝灰岩;而沉积火山碎屑岩类则由沉火山角砾岩和沉凝灰岩所组成。不同类型岩石的结构构造、矿物成分和形成环境不同,导致它们的岩石力学性质和工程性能也不相同。块状玄武岩、斜斑玄武岩和沉积火山碎屑熔岩的抗压强度和抗风化能力都比较大,因而具有很好的工程地质稳定性;杏仁状玄武岩、火山碎屑熔岩的抗压强度稍低,但抗风化能力很好,因此也具有较好的工程地质稳定性;而火山碎屑岩包括火山角砾岩、凝灰岩的抗压强度和抗风化能力都很低,往往形成岩体中的软弱夹层,工程地质稳定性较差。     

大坂山隧道地下水动态分析及对隧道作用评估

Base on the groundwater yield, water temperature and hydrochemistry change of the groundwater, we can analyze that the summer water content is obviously greater than winter water content where the in and-out wall rock of the Daban Mountain tunnel. The groundwater supply has the extensity and the seasonality. The groundwater content of the middle tunnel wall rock changes relatively steady, mainly supply through horizontal direction. And the total groundwater content is relatively little and steady in winter. The water pressure of the wall rock cranny is little. It has the fluent drainage system to dredge groundwater, which cannot constitute a threat to the tunnel lining. And the cold-proof sluice hole can normally work to drain water.     

新疆博格达山分段及深浅构造转换关系

研究表明 ,天山及邻区自中生代以来一直处于热衰减状态 ,博格达山新生代再造山具有“冷隆升”性 ,盆山边界断裂多限于上地壳内 ,而非直通中地壳低速体甚至上地幔的“深大断裂”。造山带内的韧性剪切带是在古生代形成的 ,而不是再造山期的断裂 ,它对造山带隆升及盆山耦合无贡献 ,博格达山的隆升为复式背斜构造所支持。博格达山与准东的关系为背斜北翼与盆地平缓基底构成的挠曲构造 ,而不是被深大断裂分隔的断块。博格达山具有独特鲜明的分段性 ,造山带的两个弧形构造与新生代再生前陆盆地构成独特的“斜方对称”分布样式。以板条观点为指导 ,从盆山单元的平面配置关系和深浅构造转换关系入手 ,探讨了博格达山板内造山阶段的几何学和运动学分段性的成因 ,构建了盆山耦合模式