北秦岭造山带中的拆沉作用

秦岭造山是一个非常有特色的碰撞造山带,来自地球物理、地球化学以及地质学的证据说明秦岭造山带中发生过拆沉作用,笔者主要讨论了北秦岭造山发生拆沉作用地地球物理、地球化学以及地质学证据,重点运用北秦岭地壳的地球化学特征进行对经,并用拆沉作用解释商丹地区的一些特殊地质现象。     

托云盆地新生代幔源岩浆源区起止深度的限定

在详细介绍了地幔熔融柱模型原理(Langmuir et al., 1992)的基础上,基于平衡熔融和分离熔融模型分别计算获得了上地幔橄榄岩源区在不同初始压力条件下发生绝热减压部分熔融时熔体相中FeO-MgO和FeO-Na₂O成分的演化轨迹。依据深源岩石包体与托云玄武岩之间的寄主关系将本次研究的16件托云火山岩样品划分成Group-1(深源岩石包体寄主岩)和Group-2(非寄主岩)两群,将收集前人的40件样品依据是否测试获得FeO的质量百分含量划分成Group-3群(具有实测的FeO质量百分含量)和Group-4群(无实测FeO质量百分含量数据)。分别对以上四群样品运用地幔熔融柱模型进行反演获得上地幔部分熔融源区的起止深度范围：Group-1和Group-3样品具有相同的初始熔融深度113.2km (34.1kbar),但它们的部分熔融作用终止深度分别为110.1km (33.1kbar) 和88.4km (26.2kbar);Group-2样品数据所反演的岩浆起源的初始深度和终止深度分别为111.6km (33.6kbar)和84.3.1km(24.9kbar);Group-4样品反演所获得的岩浆源区的起止深度分别为121.7km(36.8kbar)和106.0km(31.8kbar)。依据实测FeO百分含量的样品群反演的结果,将托云火山岩部分熔融源区的深度限定在113.2 km至84.3km,即48.1Ma前托云盆地所处的岩石圈厚度为84.3km,对梁涛(2005)运用熔融柱模型反演的托云盆地岩石圈深度进行了修正。此外,由地幔熔融柱模型反演获得的托云火山岩部分熔融源区熔体的温度压力条件与基于玄武岩中高压巨晶所反演的岩浆演化温压轨迹具有十分吻合的继承演化关系。地球物理探测表明现今西南天山岩石圈的厚度为71km,区域岩石圈演化历程中深度上13.3km的差异足以证明岩石圈拆沉这一地球动力学过程的存在,为由宽SHRIMP年龄谱识别出的岩石圈拆沉作用提供了另一个有力的证据。     

鲁西中生代闪长岩中两类幔源捕虏体的岩石学和地球化学

鲁西铁铜沟岩体辉石闪长岩中黑云母的40Ar/39Ar坪年龄为132.79±0.27Ma.产于辉石闪长岩中深源捕虏体的岩相学、矿物化学、岩石地球化学和野外资料表明,它们可划分成两组.组Ⅰ为具有变质-变形结构的纯橄岩、方辉橄榄岩和尖晶石二辉橄榄岩类.该类捕虏体耗损易熔元素(如Ca、Al)、橄榄石具有较高的Mg#值和较高的含量表明它们可能为古老岩石圈地幔高度部分熔融的残留体.然而,相对富集轻稀土元素的配分形式、较高的87Sr/86Sr比值以及交代型金云母的存在暗示着该类捕虏体遭受了晚期交代作用的改造;组Ⅱ为具有残留的嵌晶结构、再平衡结构,并叠加有变形结构的纯橄岩、方辉橄榄岩、橄辉岩和二辉石岩类.该类捕虏体具有较低的Mg#值和87Sr/86Sr比值以及较高的稀土元素丰度表明可能代表了新增生的岩石圈地幔物质.两类幔源捕虏体的共存对认识华北地块东部中生代岩石圈地幔的性质以及揭示中国东部陆下岩石圈地幔的演化历史具有重要意义.     

华北岩石圈减薄与克拉通破坏研究的主要学术争论

华北岩石圈减薄是近十年来国内外研究的热门课题,但关于岩石圈减薄的具体时间、减薄幅度、空间分布范围、机制及其构造控制因素,多有争论.本文对上述问题进行了全面的回顾与讨论,内容包括:(1)是克拉通破坏还是岩石圈减薄;(2)古生代以来华北克拉通岩石圈地幔时代与壳幔解耦;(3)岩石圈减薄与克拉通破坏发生的时间;(4)岩石圈减薄的垂向幅度;(5)克拉通破坏在中国东部的空间分布;(6)克拉通破坏机制;(7)克拉通破坏的地球动力学原因;(8)华北克拉通破坏在世界上的特殊性等.文后,汇编了近10余年来华北岩石圈减薄与克拉通破坏研究的重要文献.     

豫西磨沟正长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学及Hf同位素

河南省东秦岭地区印支期岩浆活动产物零星出露,豫西外方山纸房—黄庄地区是其产地之一,本文对纸房—黄庄地区出露面积最大的磨沟正长岩岩体进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年及Hf同位素测试.磨沟正长岩的锆石206 Pb/238U谐和年龄为245.5 ±8.0Ma(95%置信度,MSWD=2.6),记录了秦岭造山带印支期内早三叠世碱性岩浆活动事件.磨沟正长岩样品的εHf(t)值介于-31.89～-10.59之间,聚集于-31.89～-27.64和-21.02～-10.59两个区间内,二阶段Hf模式年龄(tDM2)为1937～3267Ma,集中于1937～ 2591 Ma和3003 ～ 3267 Ma两个年龄范围内.锆石Hf同位素特征表明磨沟正长岩是幔源碱性岩浆与壳源花岗质岩浆(片麻岩部分熔融)相混合的产物,与磨沟正长岩岩体中出现暗色微粒包体这一地质特征相吻合.磨沟正长岩形成于秦岭造山带的面接触碰撞时期,长期持续的碰撞效应使纸房—黄庄岩石圈厚度在垂向上显著增厚,其重力不稳定性加强,在印支早期发生局部小规模拆沉,与之伴有大规模的深部流体活动,暗示纸房—黄庄地区具有巨大成矿潜力,尤其是与正长岩岩体自身相关的稀有(Rb、Zr)、轻稀土元素及非水溶性钾矿资源.     

Rupture and delamination of arc crust rupture and delamination of island arc crust due to the arc–arc collision in the South Fossa Magna, central Japan

Three collisional cycles, the Tanzawa, Izu and Shichito, are known to have occurred in the South Fossa Magna, central Japan, since the late Miocene, based on geologic evidence. The cycles consist of six stages. At present the South Fossa Magna is in the later part of stage 5 of the Izu Cycle and stage 2 of the Shichito Cycle. Because the collisional processes are ongoing we can observe, measure and correlate them with the geologic records of the former cycles. The collisional processes are progressing intermittently because of the rupture and deformation of the collided and colliding island arc crusts. Rupture in the subducting crust can be explained by the geometry of the subducting plate along a boundary that is not straight. The delamination of the upper crust is detected from the geologic and crustal structure in the collided Tanzawa Block; it is an important factor in the deformation of the crust.     

中国东北—华北新生代火山活动的深部动力学机制

在综合地质年代学、数值模拟和岩石学研究成果的基础上,作者提出中国东北—华北地区新生代玄武质火山活动是岩石圈发生拆沉失稳,导致软流圈地幔发生强迫对流的结果。发生在东北—华北地区中部的岩石圈拆沉失稳诱发了早第三纪火山活动,而地幔对流环的扩展引起的热机械侵蚀作用使得周边地区相继发生岩石圈拆沉,从而导致晚第三纪第四纪火山活动的产生。拆沉失稳机制得到了大地热流、布格重力异常反演和新构造运动研究结果的支持。     

Petrogenesis of Permo-Triassic intrusive rocks in Northern Liaoning Province,NE China: implications for the closure of the eastern Paleo-Asian Ocean

ABSTRACT

The Changchun-Yanji belt recorded widespread Permo-Triassic magmatism, but their origins remain unclear, inhibiting a comprehensive understanding of the magmatic response to the final closure of the Paleo-Asian ocean in the eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). Here, we present new geochronological, geochemical, and Hf isotopic data for the Permo-Triassic plutons from Northern Liaoning province, NE China. Combined the published ages with our new data, the Permo-Triassic magmatism in the eastern CAOB can be divided into five episodes: early Permian (293–274 Ma), middle–late Permian (270–257 Ma), latest late Permian–Middle Triassic (255–242 Ma), Late Triassic (240–215 Ma), and latest Late Triassic (209–200 Ma). The middle Permian and Late Triassic mafic plutons (i.e. ~266 Ma Mengjiagou gabbro–diorite, ~240 Ma Jiancaicun gabbro and ~224 Ma Shudetun gabbro-diorite) contain relatively high TFe₂O₃, MgO, Cr and Ni contents with positive ε_Hf(t) values (+1.2 to +7.2), suggesting a depleted mantle origin. These mafic rocks together with the coeval granitoids make up typical bimodal associations, suggesting that they were formed under an extensional environment. The conclusions are also supported by occurrence of A-type granites during 270–257 Ma and 240–215 Ma. By contrast, the granitoids of 255–242 Ma in the eastern CAOB, including the Jianshanzi (~251 Ma) and Daganhe (~242 Ma) monzogranites, show typical geochemical features of adakitic granites, with high Sr/Y ratios and negative ε_Hf(t) values (–8.6 to – 22.0), suggesting that the magmas were generated through partial melting of thickened ancient lower crust. Combined with previous studies, a four-stage tectonic evolution scenario was proposed: (1) active continental margin stage during 293–274 Ma; (2) continuing subduction resulted in the initiation collision, moderate crustal thickening, and slab break-off during 270–257 Ma; (3) final closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean associated with continued crustal thickening occurred during 255–242 Ma; (4) lithospheric delamination in a post-collisional extensional environment occurred during 240–215 Ma.     

The westward lithospheric drift,its role on the subduction and transform zones surrounding Americas:Andean to cordilleran orogenic types cyclicity

We investigate the effect of the westerly rotation of the lithosphere on the active margins that surround the Americas and find good correlations between the inferred easterly-directed mantle counterflow and the main structural grain and kinematics of the Andes and Sandwich arc slabs.In the Andes,the subduction zone is shallow and with low dip,because the mantle flow sustains the slab;the subduction hinge converges relative to the upper plate and generates an uplifting doubly verging orogen.The Sandwich Arc is generated by a westerly-directed SAM(South American) plate subduction where the eastward mantle flow is steepening and retreating the subduction zone.In this context,the slab hinge is retreating relative to the upper plate,generating the backarc basin and a low bathymetry single-verging accretionary prism.In Central America,the Caribbean plate presents a more complex scenario:(a) To the East,the Antilles Arc is generated by westerly directed subduction of the SAM plate,where the eastward mantle flow is steepening and retreating the subduction zone.(b) To the West,the Middle America Trench and Arc are generated by the easterly-directed subduction of the Cocos plate,where the shallow subduction caused by eastward mantle flow in its northern segment gradually steepens to the southern segment as it is infered by the preexisting westerly-directed subduction of the Caribbean Plateau.In the frame of the westerly lithospheric flow,the subduction of a divergent active ridge plays the role of introducing a change in the oceanic/continental plate's convergence angle,such as in NAM(North American)plate with the collision with the Pacific/Farallon active ridge in the Neogene(Cordilleran orogenic type scenario).The easterly mantle drift sustains strong plate coupling along NAM,showing at Juan de Fuca easterly subducting microplate that the subduction hinge advances relative to the upper plate.This lower/upper plate convergence coupling also applies along strike to the neighbor continental strike slip fault systems where subduction was terminated(San Andreas and Queen Charlotte).The lower/upper plate convergence coupling enables the capture of the continental plate ribbons of Baja California and Yakutat terrane by the Pacific oceanic plate,transporting them along the strike slip fault systems as para-autochthonous terranes.This Cordilleran orogenic type scenario,is also recorded in SAM following the collision with the Aluk/Farallon active ridge in the Paleogene,segmenting SAM margin into the eastwardly subducting Tupac Amaru microplate intercalated between the proto-LiquineOfqui and Atacama strike slip fault systems,where subduction was terminated and para-autochthonous terranes transported.In the Neogene,the convergence of Nazca plate with respect to SAM reinstalls subduction and the present Andean orogenic type scenario.     

华北地区深部地幔剪切波速度结构研究

本文分析了华北地区近50个台站下方800 km深度内的剪切波速度结构.结果发现华北地区不同构造单元之间速度结构差异很大,稳定地块速度随深度稳定增加,构造带内速度结构复杂,而且即使在同一构造单元内,不同区段之间速度结构也明显不同,如太行山构造带,反映了不同构造单元或各区段经历了各自不同的地质演化历史.环渤海地区及相关区域多个台站的速度结构显示,华北东部地区地幔软流层埋深浅、厚度大、速度低,反映了地幔上涌的特点;而在软流层或更深层次的地幔中没有发现埋深或厚度比较统一的高速或低速体,因此可能没有岩石圈或下地壳介质曾经拆沉进入地幔,这为东部岩石圈减薄的动力学机制提供了一定的深部地球物理约束.