Lithospheric dripping in a soft collision zone: Insights from late Paleozoic magmatism suites of the eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt

The closure of Paleo-Asian Ocean is considered to have occurred along the Solonker Suture in the southernmost segment of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), the largest Phanerozoic accretionary orogen on the globe. The suture branches to the east to form the northern Hegenshan–Heihe Suture and the southern Solonker–Changchun Suture. The Hegenshan–Heihe Suture is an ideal natural laboratory for studying the post-collisional geodynamic processes operating in a soft collision zone driven by divergent double-sided subduction. Here we report results from an integrated study of the petrology, geochronology, geochemistry, and Sr–Nd–Hf isotopic compositions of the Early Carboniferous–Early Permian magmatic suite in the Hailar Basin of the Xing’an–Erguna Block. The Early Carboniferous igneous rocks are represented by 356–349 Ma andesitic tuffs, exhibiting typical subduction-related features, such as enrichment in large-ion lithophile elements and depletion in high-field-strength elements. These features, together with the relatively depleted Sr–Nd–Hf isotopic compositions, constant Nb/Y values, but highly variable Rb/Y and Ba values indicate that these rocks were generated by partial melting of a depleted mantle wedge metasomatized by slab-derived fluids. The Late Carboniferous–Early Permian magmatic suite (317–295 Ma) is characterized by high Sr contents (313–1080 ppm) and low Y contents (5–13 ppm), and these can be subdivided into calc-alkaline adakitic rocks and high-K calc-alkaline adakitic rocks. The calc-alkaline adakitic rocks have higher values of Sr/Y, (Sm/Yb)_{source normalized}, and Mg#, and lower values of Y, Yb_{source normalized}, and K₂O/Na₂O than the high-K calc-alkaline adakitic rocks, which suggests that the former was generated by partial melting of foundered lower continental crust and the latter by partial melting of normal lower continental crust. Based on our new data, in conjunction with those in previous studies, we conclude that the tectonic evolution of the Hegenshan–Heihe Suture involved Early Carboniferous double-sided subduction of the Nenjiang Ocean, latest Early Carboniferous soft collision between the Xing’an–Erguna and Songliao blocks, and Late Carboniferous–Early Permian post-collisional extension. We also propose a new geodynamic scenario in which removal of the lithospheric root might have occurred in a soft collision zone during the post-collision period via repeated and localized lithospheric dripping, which results from combined effects of hydration weakening of the lithosphere caused by pre-collision subduction and asthenospheric stirring triggered by slab break-off.     

微陆块属性及过程:我国东北地区岩石圈地幔性质差异之根本

我国东北地区位于中亚造山带的东段,由多个微陆块俯冲拼合所组成,是研究壳幔相互作用的理想地区。但该区岩石圈地幔性质,包括壳幔属性是否解耦、是否有古老地幔残留、导致地幔性质差异的机制是什么,都还不清楚。东北地区多地出露新生代玄武岩并有橄榄岩捕虏体,如松嫩-张广才岭地块的阿巴嘎、五大连池和蛟河,兴安地块的哈拉哈、诺敏和科洛,以及与华北拼合褶皱带处的双辽、伊通和汪清等。其中阿巴嘎、哈拉哈、诺敏、科洛和蛟河的橄榄岩含有Mg#≥91.5的橄榄石,最大Re亏损年龄是2.1~1.9Ga,富集Sr、Nd同位素组成且变化范围大,反映交代作用强烈,这些特征与大陆岩石圈地幔有明显的相似性;而拼合带处的双辽、伊通、汪清及松嫩-张广才岭地块中的五大连池地幔包体橄榄石,Re亏损年龄总体为中元古代,Sr、Nd同位素组成变化范围小,交代作用弱,与大洋岩石圈地幔亲缘性更明显。这些差别总体反映出地块内部与地块边缘相比,有岩石圈地幔形成时代相对较老、亏损程度较高、地幔交代作用较强的特点。但也有例外的情况,如五大连池与科洛相比,更远离贺根山-黑河断裂带,但地幔属性更饱满,反映地块内部深部作用过程可能更强烈。因此,我们认为东北岩石圈地幔性质差异的根本原因与微陆块初始属性和后来的俯冲拼合及软流圈-岩石圈相互作用等有关。     

Late Mesozoic magmatism in the Jiaodong Peninsula,East China:Implications for crust-mantle interactions and lithospheric thinning of the eastern North China Craton

A section from the Linglong gold deposit on the northwestern Jiaodong Peninsula,East China,containing Late Mesozoic magmatic rocks from mafic and intermediate dikes and felsic intrusions,was chosen to investigate the lithospheric evolution of the eastern North China Craton(NCC).Zircon U-Pb data showed that low-Mg adakitic monzogranites and granodiorite intrusions were emplaced during the Late Jurassic(～145 Ma) and late Early Cretaceous(112-107 Ma),respectively;high-Mg adakitic diorite and mafic dikes were also emplaced during the Early Cretaceous at～139 Ma and ～118 Ma,and 125-145 Ma and 115-120 Ma,respectively.The geochemical data,including whole-rock major and trace element compositions and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes,imply that the mafic dikes originated from the partial melting of a lithospheric mantle metasomatised through hydrous fluids from a subducted oceanic slab.Low-Mg adakitic monzogranites and granodiorite intrusions originated from the partial melting of the thickened lower crust of the NCC,while high-Mg adakitic diorite dikes originated from the mixing of mafic and felsic melts.Late Mesozoic magmatism showed that lithosphere-derived melts showed a similar source depth and that crust-derived felsic melts originated from the continuously thickened lower crust of the Jiaodong Peninsula from the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous.We infer that the lower crust of the eastern NCC was thickened through compression and subduction of the Palaeo-Pacific plate beneath the NCC during the Middle Jurassic.Slab rollback of the plate from ～160 Ma resulted in lithospheric thinning and accompanied Late Mesozoic magmatism.     

华北克拉通南缘早白垩世天目山A型花岗岩的锆石稀土元素和岩石地球化学特征

天目山正长花岗岩位于华北克拉通南缘、北秦岭构造带及桐柏—大别造山带构造拼合地区,其岩石成因模型可为秦岭—大别造山带燕山期深部构造演化提供新的限定。它的n(206Pb)/n(238U)加权平均年龄为129. 2±1. 7 Ma,形成于早白垩世。天目山花岗岩锆石稀土元素具有轻稀土亏损、重稀土富集、Ce和Sm正异常及明显Pr、Nd和Eu负异常（δEu值介于0. 01 ~ 0. 19）,锆石的形成温度介于603 ~ 788 ℃之间,天目山锆石/熔体体系中稀土元素分配系数波动特征表明其形成中存在深部岩浆/流体混合作用。天目山花岗岩样品具有富硅、碱和贫钙、镁的特征,在SiO2 —K2O图解中落入高钾钙碱性系列。在微量元素蛛网图中,它们显示了明显的Rb、Th及Zr、Hf的异常峰和Sr、P、Ti的异常谷。它们的稀土总量介于106??10-6~ 139??10-6之间,(La/Yb)N值范围是5. 94 ~ 9. 22,其稀土配分模式具轻稀土富集、中稀土亏损和重稀土略微富集的“V”型（海鸥型）特征,Eu负异常明显（δEu值介于0. 06 ~ 0. 16）。它们的10000Ga/Al值介于3. 38 ~ 4. 15,Nb和Ta的含量分别为63. 5??10-6~ 131??10-6和3. 20??10-6~ 7. 55??10-6（Nb/Ta值介于17. 3 ~ 22. 9）,天目山花岗岩属于A型花岗岩中富Nb的A1亚类。天目山花岗岩部分熔融源区位于角闪岩相,源区残余相主要为角闪石和斜长石且无石榴子石残余。天目山花岗岩形成于板内构造环境,它是早白垩世~130 Ma桐柏山三合店—鸡公山区域岩石圈拆沉作用的岩浆响应,幔源富Nb岩浆/流体因此得以快速释放,上侵途中混合活化壳源岩浆/流体库之后就位固结成岩。     

Petrology, geochronology and tectonic implications of Mesozoic high Ba–Sr granites in the Haemi area, Hongseong Belt, South Korea

Collision between the North and South China continental blocks began in the Korean peninsula during the Permian (290–260 Ma). The Haemi area in the Hongseong collision belt (proposed as the eastern extension in South Korea of the Dabie–Sulu collision zone of China) within the Gyeonggi Massif comprises post-collisional high Ba–Sr granite with intermediate enclaves that intruded into the Precambrian rocks. The intermediate enclaves have a shoshonitic affinity whereas the granite is a high-K calc-alkaline variety. The chondrite-normalized rare earth element (REE) pattern with relative enrichment of LREE over HREE and absence of a significant negative Eu anomaly typifies both enclaves and granite. Geochemical similarities of enclaves and granite are attributed to the involvement of enriched mantle sources in their genesis. However, dominant crustal components were involved in the formation of high Ba–Sr granites. A granite crystallization age of 233 ± 2 Ma was obtained from SHRIMP U–Pb zircon dating. This age is slightly younger than the Triassic collision event in the Hongseong Belt. Geochemical data, U–Pb zircon age, and regional tectonics indicate that the Haemi high Ba–Sr granite formed in a post-collisional tectonic environment. A Mesozoic post-collisional lithospheric delamination model can account for the genesis of high Ba–Sr granite in the Haemi area.     

An elasto-visco-plastic model using the finite element method for crustal and lithospheric deformation

A novel numerical model based on solid deformation is presented in this paper. This thermo-mechanical model can simulate the tectonic evolution of crust and (lithospheric and asthenospheric) mantle under different conditions. Our implementation uses the finite element method (FEM) in order to solve the equations. As a Lagrangian approach is employed, remeshing techniques are implemented to avoid distortion problems when a certain deformation threshold is reached. The translation of the state between the old and new mesh is achieved by means of the information stored on Lagrangian particles, which minimizes the diffusion. The model is able to represent elastic, viscous and plastic behaviour inside the studied domain. Three types of creep mechanism (diffusion, dislocation and Peierls) are included. Two different quadrilateral isoparametric elements were implemented and can be employed to perform the calculations. The first one is an element with 4 nodes, selective reduced integration and a stabilization operator to diminish hourglass modes, which reduces the computational time needed. The second one has 8 nodes located in standard positions, uses full integration scheme and has no hourglass modes as it satisfies the Inf-Sup condition. Several test cases with known solutions were run to validate the different aspects of the implementation.     

壳幔混合层的物质过程及其动力学意义

以评述壳幔混合层的物质过程为主,对壳幔混合层的概念、研究现状、形成机制及作用过程等作了简要综述。底侵作用、拆沉作用和部分熔融作用是壳幔混合层的主要物质过程。底侵和拆沉构成壳幔物质循环,部分熔融则为其提供物质和条件,这三者相互作用,影响和制约着壳幔物质交换,在大陆地壳变形中起着极其重要的作用。最后分析了壳幔混合层的研究在岩石圈动力学中的意义     

Seismic imaging of lithospheric discontinuities and continental evolution

Discontinuities in physical properties within the continental lithosphere reflect a range of processes that have contributed to craton stabilization and evolution. A survey of recent seismological studies concerning lithospheric discontinuities is made in an attempt to document their essential characteristics. Results from long-period seismology are inconsistent with the presence of continuous, laterally invariant, isotropic boundaries within the upper mantle at the global scale. At regional scales, two well-defined interfaces termed H (60 km depth) and L (200 km depth) of continental affinity are identified, with the latter boundary generally exhibiting an anisotropic character. Long-range refraction profiles are frequently characterized by subcontinental mantle that exhibits a complex stratification within the top 200 km. The shallow layering of this package can behave as an imperfect waveguide giving rise to the so-called teleseismic Pn phase, while the L-discontinuity may define its lower base as the culmination of a low velocity zone. High-resolution, seismic reflection profiling provides sufficient detail in a number of cases to document the merging of mantle interfaces into lower continental crust below former collisional sutures and magmatic arcs, thus unambiguously identifying some lithospheric discontinuities with thrust faults and subducted oceanic lithosphere. Collectively, these and other seismic observations point to a continental lithosphere whose internal structure is dominated by a laterally variable, subhorizontal layering. This stratigraphy appears to be more pronounced at shallower lithospheric levels, includes dense, anisotropic layers of order 10 km in thickness, and exhibits horizontal correlation lengths comparable to the lateral dimensions of overlying crustal blocks. A model of craton evolution which relies on shallow subduction as a principal agent of craton stabilization is shown to be broadly compatible with these characteristics.     

中国东部显生宙地幔演化的主要样式 :“蘑菇云”模型

从地幔类型、地球物理资料、岩石学研究成果 3方面讨论了中国东部显生宙地幔演化的主要样式 ,认为古老岩石圈地幔物质以亏损玄武质组分的橄榄岩为主 ,岩石密度低 ,具上浮性质 ,是克拉通稳定的主要原因 ,不可能发生因重力诱发的拆沉作用。白垩纪晚期—新生代地幔成分为饱满的二辉橄榄岩 ,地温高 ,明显有别于古老地幔。该热地幔物质呈“蘑菇云”状上涌 ,蘑菇云之间仍有古老地幔的残留体 ,二者多数呈陡边界接触 ,这是东部地幔演化的主要样式。与此同时岩石圈伸展导致岩石圈减薄。中生代中国东部绝大部分地区地温很高、地壳厚度大 ,但许多问题尚待研究。古老岩石圈地幔中的低速、低阻物质为流体和低熔程度的熔体 ,它们呈脉状、透镜状 ;新生代地幔中的该物质为含熔体的软流圈物质 ,它们呈多个蘑菇云状 ;中生代地幔中的低速物质可能为大量的玄武质熔体 ,呈蘑菇云平流层状。中生代壳幔相互作用明显 ,克拉通稳定时期及新生代时期层圈之间相互作用的活跃带位于岩石圈与软流圈之间。     

豫西崤山小妹河岩体LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年、地球化学特征及地质意义

对豫西崤山北部的小妹河岩体中的黑云母石英二长岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年,30个锆石测点中有23个测点的U-Pb同位素测定值位于或接近一致线,年龄值集中于2644~2695Ma、2490~2546Ma、2367Ma、1844~1859Ma、143.6Ma和129.6~133.8Ma 6个年龄段内。最新年龄段内的9个锆石测点206Pb/238U年龄加权平均值为131.5±0.9Ma,代表了小妹河岩体的形成时代。23颗锆石的U–Pb年龄形成了一个新太古代—早白垩世的锆石年龄谱,区域上均存在与之对应的岩浆热事件。小妹河岩体具有富碱、贫镁的特征,属于高钾钙碱性系列;其稀土元素配分模式显示富集轻稀土元素、亏损重稀土元素,(La/Yb)N值为18.36~24.78,无明显Eu异常;微量元素蛛网图显示Nb、Ta槽及P、Ti负异常。小妹河岩体样品高Sr、低Yb及Y,具有埃达克岩属性,是加厚大陆下地壳的部分熔融形成的,部分熔融源区残余相矿物包括石榴子石和金红石。小妹河岩体形成的构造背景为早白垩世岩石圈拆沉作用,由此触发的岩浆(流体)混合作用成就了小妹河岩体的锆石U-Pb年龄谱。小妹河岩体的形成时代与小秦岭-崤山-熊耳山地区早白垩世广泛而强烈的成岩成矿时代接近,岩石圈拆沉作用利于深部含矿流体快速释放,小妹河岩体及其周缘应当具有较大的成矿潜力,应当被视为崤山北部的找矿靶区之一。