豫西崤山白石崖岩株的深部过程——锆石年龄谱和稀土元素证据

崤山北部早白垩世侵入岩的简单年龄结果中包含了复杂地质信息,六个岩株的侵位年龄集中于~130 Ma和~145 Ma两期,复杂的单颗粒锆石年龄谱为反演区域构造背景提供了新途径。白石崖岩株锆石的U- Pb年龄和微量元素特征不仅对探讨其岩石成因和深部过程具有重要作用,而且为建立崤山北部燕山期侵入岩的精细的年代学框架和整合的成因模型提供新限定。白石崖岩株定年样品BSY03为斑状黑云母二长花岗岩,三次LA- ICP- MS锆石U- Pb测试中分析了77个测点,其中73个有效测点的年龄值分成~132 Ma（15个）、~145 Ma（49个）和~158 Ma（9个）三个年龄组,形成了锆石年龄谱,最晚一组加权平均年龄132. 1±1. 0 Ma为白石崖岩株的形成时代。3组年龄锆石均显示了轻稀土亏损和重稀土富集的特征,整体为Ce正异常及Pr、Nd负异常,~145 Ma和~158 Ma两组锆石的稀土总量分别为694×10-6 ~ 2213×10-6（平均值1309×10-6）和950×10-6~ 1849×10-6（平均值1360×10-6）,~132Ma组锆石的稀土总量变化范围介于429×10-6 ~ 2210×10-6,平均值为1495×10-6。3组锆石总体的形成温度为539 ~ 748 ℃;~158 Ma组锆石的温度较高,为601 ~ 748℃（平均值662℃）; ~145 Ma组和~132 Ma组锆石的温度分别介于539 ~ 717℃（平均值629℃）和553 ~ 701℃（平均值633℃）。锆石测点的Er、Yb、Lu和Y含量随年龄由早及晚的整体变化趋势均为升高,~132 Ma和~145 Ma组锆石的Ce4+/Ce3+值分别介于13. 2 ~ 121（平均值69. 7）和27. 6 ~ 107（平均值70. 3）,~158 Ma组锆石的Ce4+/Ce3+值介于3. 53 ~ 81. 4,其由早及晚的整体趋势均为先升高后降低。白石崖岩株的形成受控于崤山北部岩石圈拆沉作用,深部岩浆/流体因此得以释放,促成上部处于未完全固结晶粥状态的岩浆/流体库发生混合再活化作用,重获上侵能力的岩浆/流体卷携多期锆石（如~158 Ma和~145 Ma的锆石）在浅部构造有利部位固结成岩,并晶出~132 Ma锆石。     

东秦岭神林花岗岩的锆石U-Pb定年、地球化学特征及构造背景

神林花岗岩能够为反演东秦岭燕山期区域构造演化提供新的制约。它的主体岩性为斑状黑云母二长花岗岩,其锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb同位素定年结果为130.6±0.7 Ma。神林花岗岩样品具有高硅富碱和贫镁低钙的特征,属于高钾钙碱性系列,以准铝质—弱过铝质为主。它们富集大离子亲石元素（如Rb、Th和K）和亏损高场强元素（如Nb、Ta和Ti）,具有轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损的特征,其(La/Yb)N范围为17.6~22.2,δEu值为0.59~0.72。在LaN—(La/Yb)N图解中,神林花岗岩样品显示正相关关系,表明是源区组成和部分熔融作用控制其成分变异。神林花岗岩样品显示了高Sr、低Y和Yb的特征,Sr/Y值为24.3~37.9,属于高锶低钇中酸性岩（adakite,有人音译为埃达克岩）。神林花岗岩形成于加厚大陆下地壳的部分熔融,其源区深度大于50km,部分熔融源区残余相包括石榴子石、金红石和角闪石,无或者少量的斜长石。神林花岗岩锆石具有轻稀土亏损、重稀土富集、Ce正异常的特征,锆石的形成温度介于624~701 ℃之间,重稀土元素分配系数与年龄的变化特征表明神林花岗岩经历了深部岩浆/流体的注入与混合,这与暗色微粒包体所揭示的神林花岗岩深部成岩过程相吻合。混合活化后的岩浆/流体体系沿区域深大断裂上侵,在其次级断裂带内的断裂交汇处就位成岩。神林花岗岩形成于东秦岭陆（板）内造山阶段,是约131 Ma区域岩石圈拆沉作用的岩浆响应。     

Lithospheric dripping in a soft collision zone: Insights from late Paleozoic magmatism suites of the eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt

The closure of Paleo-Asian Ocean is considered to have occurred along the Solonker Suture in the southernmost segment of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), the largest Phanerozoic accretionary orogen on the globe. The suture branches to the east to form the northern Hegenshan–Heihe Suture and the southern Solonker–Changchun Suture. The Hegenshan–Heihe Suture is an ideal natural laboratory for studying the post-collisional geodynamic processes operating in a soft collision zone driven by divergent double-sided subduction. Here we report results from an integrated study of the petrology, geochronology, geochemistry, and Sr–Nd–Hf isotopic compositions of the Early Carboniferous–Early Permian magmatic suite in the Hailar Basin of the Xing’an–Erguna Block. The Early Carboniferous igneous rocks are represented by 356–349 Ma andesitic tuffs, exhibiting typical subduction-related features, such as enrichment in large-ion lithophile elements and depletion in high-field-strength elements. These features, together with the relatively depleted Sr–Nd–Hf isotopic compositions, constant Nb/Y values, but highly variable Rb/Y and Ba values indicate that these rocks were generated by partial melting of a depleted mantle wedge metasomatized by slab-derived fluids. The Late Carboniferous–Early Permian magmatic suite (317–295 Ma) is characterized by high Sr contents (313–1080 ppm) and low Y contents (5–13 ppm), and these can be subdivided into calc-alkaline adakitic rocks and high-K calc-alkaline adakitic rocks. The calc-alkaline adakitic rocks have higher values of Sr/Y, (Sm/Yb)_{source normalized}, and Mg#, and lower values of Y, Yb_{source normalized}, and K₂O/Na₂O than the high-K calc-alkaline adakitic rocks, which suggests that the former was generated by partial melting of foundered lower continental crust and the latter by partial melting of normal lower continental crust. Based on our new data, in conjunction with those in previous studies, we conclude that the tectonic evolution of the Hegenshan–Heihe Suture involved Early Carboniferous double-sided subduction of the Nenjiang Ocean, latest Early Carboniferous soft collision between the Xing’an–Erguna and Songliao blocks, and Late Carboniferous–Early Permian post-collisional extension. We also propose a new geodynamic scenario in which removal of the lithospheric root might have occurred in a soft collision zone during the post-collision period via repeated and localized lithospheric dripping, which results from combined effects of hydration weakening of the lithosphere caused by pre-collision subduction and asthenospheric stirring triggered by slab break-off.     

微陆块属性及过程:我国东北地区岩石圈地幔性质差异之根本

我国东北地区位于中亚造山带的东段,由多个微陆块俯冲拼合所组成,是研究壳幔相互作用的理想地区。但该区岩石圈地幔性质,包括壳幔属性是否解耦、是否有古老地幔残留、导致地幔性质差异的机制是什么,都还不清楚。东北地区多地出露新生代玄武岩并有橄榄岩捕虏体,如松嫩-张广才岭地块的阿巴嘎、五大连池和蛟河,兴安地块的哈拉哈、诺敏和科洛,以及与华北拼合褶皱带处的双辽、伊通和汪清等。其中阿巴嘎、哈拉哈、诺敏、科洛和蛟河的橄榄岩含有Mg#≥91.5的橄榄石,最大Re亏损年龄是2.1~1.9Ga,富集Sr、Nd同位素组成且变化范围大,反映交代作用强烈,这些特征与大陆岩石圈地幔有明显的相似性;而拼合带处的双辽、伊通、汪清及松嫩-张广才岭地块中的五大连池地幔包体橄榄石,Re亏损年龄总体为中元古代,Sr、Nd同位素组成变化范围小,交代作用弱,与大洋岩石圈地幔亲缘性更明显。这些差别总体反映出地块内部与地块边缘相比,有岩石圈地幔形成时代相对较老、亏损程度较高、地幔交代作用较强的特点。但也有例外的情况,如五大连池与科洛相比,更远离贺根山-黑河断裂带,但地幔属性更饱满,反映地块内部深部作用过程可能更强烈。因此,我们认为东北岩石圈地幔性质差异的根本原因与微陆块初始属性和后来的俯冲拼合及软流圈-岩石圈相互作用等有关。     

郯庐断裂带巢湖—庐江段晚中生代火山岩的锆石U-Pb年代学

采用LA-ICP-MS方法对郯庐断裂带巢湖—庐江段的晚中生代火山岩进行了锆石U-Pb年代学研究。由6个样品获得的该处火山喷发时间在距今125~93Ma,为早白垩世晚期至晚白垩世初期,经历了32Ma的喷发历史。与附近的庐枞盆地、北大别造山带及北淮阳地区相比,该地火山喷发具有较晚的结束时间,说明岩石圈减薄具有相对强烈的程度和较长的持续时间。93Ma是已知的华北克拉通残留富集岩石圈地幔最晚的岩浆岩年代学记录。锆石的饱和温度计算、岩浆中较低的MgO含量和Mg^#值均不支持岩浆由拆沉的下地壳部分熔融形成,岩浆活动的可能成因是壳幔相互作用,岩浆源区具有由幔源向壳源再过渡到幔源的时间演化顺序。这暗示断裂带下强烈的软流圈上涌引起岩石圈地幔的熔融(距今125Ma),随后岩石圈持续的减薄作用导致其内部热流升高,出现了以流纹岩为代表的地热异常背景下地壳源区的部分熔融(距今120Ma),而最终岩石圈强烈减薄背景下的软流圈物质参与岩浆过程可能是晚期幔源岩浆(距今93Ma)的成因。     

Late Mesozoic magmatism in the Jiaodong Peninsula,East China:Implications for crust-mantle interactions and lithospheric thinning of the eastern North China Craton

A section from the Linglong gold deposit on the northwestern Jiaodong Peninsula,East China,containing Late Mesozoic magmatic rocks from mafic and intermediate dikes and felsic intrusions,was chosen to investigate the lithospheric evolution of the eastern North China Craton(NCC).Zircon U-Pb data showed that low-Mg adakitic monzogranites and granodiorite intrusions were emplaced during the Late Jurassic(～145 Ma) and late Early Cretaceous(112-107 Ma),respectively;high-Mg adakitic diorite and mafic dikes were also emplaced during the Early Cretaceous at～139 Ma and ～118 Ma,and 125-145 Ma and 115-120 Ma,respectively.The geochemical data,including whole-rock major and trace element compositions and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes,imply that the mafic dikes originated from the partial melting of a lithospheric mantle metasomatised through hydrous fluids from a subducted oceanic slab.Low-Mg adakitic monzogranites and granodiorite intrusions originated from the partial melting of the thickened lower crust of the NCC,while high-Mg adakitic diorite dikes originated from the mixing of mafic and felsic melts.Late Mesozoic magmatism showed that lithosphere-derived melts showed a similar source depth and that crust-derived felsic melts originated from the continuously thickened lower crust of the Jiaodong Peninsula from the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous.We infer that the lower crust of the eastern NCC was thickened through compression and subduction of the Palaeo-Pacific plate beneath the NCC during the Middle Jurassic.Slab rollback of the plate from ～160 Ma resulted in lithospheric thinning and accompanied Late Mesozoic magmatism.     

华北克拉通南缘早白垩世天目山A型花岗岩的锆石稀土元素和岩石地球化学特征

天目山正长花岗岩位于华北克拉通南缘、北秦岭构造带及桐柏—大别造山带构造拼合地区,其岩石成因模型可为秦岭—大别造山带燕山期深部构造演化提供新的限定。它的n(206Pb)/n(238U)加权平均年龄为129. 2±1. 7 Ma,形成于早白垩世。天目山花岗岩锆石稀土元素具有轻稀土亏损、重稀土富集、Ce和Sm正异常及明显Pr、Nd和Eu负异常（δEu值介于0. 01 ~ 0. 19）,锆石的形成温度介于603 ~ 788 ℃之间,天目山锆石/熔体体系中稀土元素分配系数波动特征表明其形成中存在深部岩浆/流体混合作用。天目山花岗岩样品具有富硅、碱和贫钙、镁的特征,在SiO2 —K2O图解中落入高钾钙碱性系列。在微量元素蛛网图中,它们显示了明显的Rb、Th及Zr、Hf的异常峰和Sr、P、Ti的异常谷。它们的稀土总量介于106??10-6~ 139??10-6之间,(La/Yb)N值范围是5. 94 ~ 9. 22,其稀土配分模式具轻稀土富集、中稀土亏损和重稀土略微富集的“V”型（海鸥型）特征,Eu负异常明显（δEu值介于0. 06 ~ 0. 16）。它们的10000Ga/Al值介于3. 38 ~ 4. 15,Nb和Ta的含量分别为63. 5??10-6~ 131??10-6和3. 20??10-6~ 7. 55??10-6（Nb/Ta值介于17. 3 ~ 22. 9）,天目山花岗岩属于A型花岗岩中富Nb的A1亚类。天目山花岗岩部分熔融源区位于角闪岩相,源区残余相主要为角闪石和斜长石且无石榴子石残余。天目山花岗岩形成于板内构造环境,它是早白垩世~130 Ma桐柏山三合店—鸡公山区域岩石圈拆沉作用的岩浆响应,幔源富Nb岩浆/流体因此得以快速释放,上侵途中混合活化壳源岩浆/流体库之后就位固结成岩。     

Petrology, geochronology and tectonic implications of Mesozoic high Ba–Sr granites in the Haemi area, Hongseong Belt, South Korea

Collision between the North and South China continental blocks began in the Korean peninsula during the Permian (290–260 Ma). The Haemi area in the Hongseong collision belt (proposed as the eastern extension in South Korea of the Dabie–Sulu collision zone of China) within the Gyeonggi Massif comprises post-collisional high Ba–Sr granite with intermediate enclaves that intruded into the Precambrian rocks. The intermediate enclaves have a shoshonitic affinity whereas the granite is a high-K calc-alkaline variety. The chondrite-normalized rare earth element (REE) pattern with relative enrichment of LREE over HREE and absence of a significant negative Eu anomaly typifies both enclaves and granite. Geochemical similarities of enclaves and granite are attributed to the involvement of enriched mantle sources in their genesis. However, dominant crustal components were involved in the formation of high Ba–Sr granites. A granite crystallization age of 233 ± 2 Ma was obtained from SHRIMP U–Pb zircon dating. This age is slightly younger than the Triassic collision event in the Hongseong Belt. Geochemical data, U–Pb zircon age, and regional tectonics indicate that the Haemi high Ba–Sr granite formed in a post-collisional tectonic environment. A Mesozoic post-collisional lithospheric delamination model can account for the genesis of high Ba–Sr granite in the Haemi area.     

An elasto-visco-plastic model using the finite element method for crustal and lithospheric deformation

A novel numerical model based on solid deformation is presented in this paper. This thermo-mechanical model can simulate the tectonic evolution of crust and (lithospheric and asthenospheric) mantle under different conditions. Our implementation uses the finite element method (FEM) in order to solve the equations. As a Lagrangian approach is employed, remeshing techniques are implemented to avoid distortion problems when a certain deformation threshold is reached. The translation of the state between the old and new mesh is achieved by means of the information stored on Lagrangian particles, which minimizes the diffusion. The model is able to represent elastic, viscous and plastic behaviour inside the studied domain. Three types of creep mechanism (diffusion, dislocation and Peierls) are included. Two different quadrilateral isoparametric elements were implemented and can be employed to perform the calculations. The first one is an element with 4 nodes, selective reduced integration and a stabilization operator to diminish hourglass modes, which reduces the computational time needed. The second one has 8 nodes located in standard positions, uses full integration scheme and has no hourglass modes as it satisfies the Inf-Sup condition. Several test cases with known solutions were run to validate the different aspects of the implementation.     

壳幔混合层的物质过程及其动力学意义

以评述壳幔混合层的物质过程为主,对壳幔混合层的概念、研究现状、形成机制及作用过程等作了简要综述。底侵作用、拆沉作用和部分熔融作用是壳幔混合层的主要物质过程。底侵和拆沉构成壳幔物质循环,部分熔融则为其提供物质和条件,这三者相互作用,影响和制约着壳幔物质交换,在大陆地壳变形中起着极其重要的作用。最后分析了壳幔混合层的研究在岩石圈动力学中的意义