太平洋盆地勒夫波与瑞利波不一致性的研究

在勒夫波及瑞利波频散反演的基础上,本文分析了太平洋盆地水平剪切波速度SH与垂直剪切波速度SV之间的不一致性,并对其成因及与地球各向异性之间的关系进行了探讨。我们发现:除最顶部一二十公里处的SH小于SV之外,在几乎整个太平洋岩石圈内,SH都大于SV。此外,在占太平洋大约2/3的区域下面的软流圈内,SH略高于SV。如此广泛存在的SH与SV的不一致性可能是与大规模地质及构造过程有关的太平洋地壳及上地幔的固有各向异性的一个证据。     

塔里木克拉通形成以来的背景热史研究

塔里木盆地是一个典型大型叠合盆地,发育在太古代-早中元古代的结晶基底之上,具有稳定克拉通性质.现今地表热流为43mW·m^-2,平均地温梯度为21℃·km-1,莫霍面温度为550℃,较低的热流背景值指示塔里木盆地经历了一个长期冷却加厚的过程.然而对于这样一个长期冷却过程,之前的研究都只停留在显生宙阶段,并未获得塔里木显生宙以前的热史.本文以塔里木地区已有的地热数据作为约束,依据地幔动力学模型设置底部边界条件,利用正演拟合的方法,反演出塔里木的背景热史,填补了该区域古生代以前热史研究的空白.结果表明,塔里木克拉通自形成以来背景热流不断降低(由85mW·m^-2降至43mW·m^-2),岩石圈持续加厚(由130km加厚到190km),在长时间尺度下,塔里木克拉通总体的热演化模式为长期冷却加厚,这与世界上其他典型克拉通的热演化规律类似.显生宙以来受到短期局部的构造-热事件影响,塔里木克拉通在长期冷却的趋势下叠加了约20～40mW·m^-2的热扰动.     

利用剪切波分裂研究内蒙古阿巴嘎地区上地幔各向异性

内蒙古阿巴嘎地区壳幔经历强烈变形,岩石圈变形机制尚不明确.利用布设在研究区的32个流动地震台站所记录到的远震剪切波数据,测量得到120对各向异性参数和113个无效分裂结果.结果表明,研究区快慢波延迟时间变化范围为0.4~1.4s,平均0.77±0.21s;各向异性快波方向变化范围为N101°E-N45°W.其中一组快波偏振方向为N82.0°E±12.3°,与区域内断裂走向平行,反映地幔矿物晶格定向排列;另一组快波方向集中位于华北克拉通内部,平均为N146.8°E±9.5°,平行于早白垩纪岩石圈伸展变形方向,推测由残留在岩石圈中的化石各向异性所引起.在研究区北部部分台站,只观测到无效分裂而没有观测到有效分裂结果,可能存在局部热地幔物质上涌.     

基于P波三重震相的华南地区上地幔速度结构研究

华南块体是研究太平洋板块俯冲和岩石圈减薄机制等问题的最佳场所之一.本文基于中国地震观测台网和大型流动台阵记录到的震中距10°~30°之间的两个中深源地震P波记录,利用三重震相波形拟合技术,获得了中扬子克拉通和华夏地块上地幔高精度P波速度结构.研究结果表明:(1)中扬子克拉通过渡带底部存在高速异常,系太平洋俯冲板块的滞留体.俯冲的板块并没有进入下地幔,660-km间断面下沉约11 km,与后尖晶石相变的克拉伯龙斜率为负有关.而华夏地块过渡带底部并无明显高速异常,接近全球平均模型;(2)整个华南块体,410-km间断面上方普遍存在低速层,主要与上地幔部分熔融有关,与IASP91相比P波速度减小了1.38%~2.29%;(3)在研究区域内,中扬子克拉通和华夏地块都存在岩石圈减薄(80 km),推测可能与太平洋板块俯冲和快速回撤导致的岩石圈拆沉有关.且华夏地块减薄程度较明显,下伏软流圈速度较低,说明其上地幔强度较弱、温度较高.另外,中扬子克拉通过渡带中存在一个较宽的速度梯度带,可能与520-km间断面有关,其具体成因有待进一步研究.     

青藏高原P波速度层析成像与岩石圈结构

利用中国西部地震台网的数据,通过体波层析成像反演了青藏高原及邻域的三维P波速度结构.根据地壳和上地幔的速度变化和构造特征,重点讨论了下地壳流动、地幔上涌、岩石圈减薄以及与藏北新生代火山岩和藏南裂谷系的关系等问题.分析表明,青藏高原中、下地壳平均速度偏低,低速区主要分布在拉萨和羌塘块体内部,随着深度的增加逐渐扩大到松潘—甘孜块体.上述低速区之间多被高速带分隔,暗示地壳中、下部的韧性变形被限制在特定的区域,不太适于产生贯穿整个青藏高原的大规模横向流动.此外,地幔上涌也并非普遍发生于整个青藏高原,而是集中在羌塘、松潘—甘孜以及喜马拉雅东构造结附近,导致上述区域的岩石圈地幔较薄,并且伴生火山活动和岩浆作用.此外,由于印度大陆岩石圈在向北俯冲,板片下沉过程中引起地幔上涌,热流物质有可能上升进入地壳,这一作用对藏北新生代火山岩和藏南裂谷系的形成以及中、下地壳的韧性变形产生了明显的影响.     

佳木斯地块及东缘岩石圈电性结构特征

佳木斯地块及东缘是中国东北地区的重要地质构造单元. 为探测该地区地壳深部结构与构造关系,沿桦南—饶河实施了240 km的大地电磁测深的探测研究. 采用光滑模型二维反演方法对桦南—饶河大地电磁剖面的探测数据进行了二维反演和综合地球物理解释. 研究结果揭示了研究区断面域的电性结构：(1)剖面西段具有稳定的高阻特征且具有稳定的岩石圈厚度（约90km）,在十几公里深度范围存在壳内高导层,该区段对应佳木斯地块. (2)剖面中部具有明显的电性梯度带,该梯度带反映了佳木斯地块的东界位置及其深部的结构形态. (3)剖面东段电性特征揭示了佳木斯地块以东区段浅部为逆冲推覆体,深部为多个高阻块体和低阻条带相间的电性结构,这些高阻块体可能为早期俯冲的岩石圈残片.     

中国东部海域及邻区岩石层地幔的P波速度结构与构造分析

利用中国大陆东部及台湾地区、日本和琉球群岛的地震观测数据,通过体波地震层析技术反演了中国东部海域及其邻近地区的P波速度结构.以此为依据分析了不同地区的岩石层性质和深部动力学条件,探讨了中朝与扬子块体、扬子与华夏块体在海区的深部边界及其构造属性,揭示出菲律宾海板块与欧亚大陆的碰撞以及板片俯冲下沉、弧后扩张作用对中国东部海域岩石层结构的影响.结果表明,中国东部海域的岩石层地幔存在明显的横向非均匀性,它们与区域构造的形成演化有一定的联系.中国大陆东部的五莲－青岛断裂与朝鲜半岛西缘断裂、济州岛南缘断裂共同构成中朝和扬子块体的边界,江绍断裂向东延伸至朝鲜半岛南端成为分隔扬子和华夏块体的边界;东海陆架与冲绳海槽的岩石层结构差异明显,东海陆架具有中国东部地区的岩石层特征,属于欧亚大陆向海域的延伸;冲绳海槽的岩石层强烈减薄,为大陆向大洋过渡的区域;沿着日本－琉球－台湾俯冲带,菲律宾海板块俯冲下沉引起的地幔扰动对中国东部海域产生了较大的影响,欧亚大陆与菲律宾海板块之间的相互碰撞导致台湾地区岩石层明显增厚.     

The geotherm of the lithosphere beneath Qilin, SE China: a re-appraisal and implications for P–T estimation of Fe-rich pyroxenites

The Qilin geotherm established by Xu et al. [Xu, X.S., O'Reilly, S.Y., Zhou, X.M. and Griffin, W.L., 1996. A xenolith-derived geotherm and the crust-mantle boundary at Qilin, southeastern China. Lithos, 38: 41–62.] using the Ellis and Green [Ellis D.J. and Green D.H., 1979. An experimental study of the effect of Ca upon garnet-clinopyroxene Fe-Mg exchange equilibria. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 71: 13–22]/Wood [Wood B.J., 1974. Solubility of alumina in orthopyroxene coexisting with garnet. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 46: 1-15] combination is in need of revision on the basis of re-evaluation of geothermobarometers, comparison of calculated pressures and temperatures with experimentally determined phase relationships and geological/geophysical data. The invalid assumption that all iron is present as Fe²⁺ in minerals, and the thermal destruction of equilibrium Fe–Mg exchange between clinopyroxene and garnet that may have resulted from heating of the Qilin xenoliths by the host magma resulted in unrealistically high temperatures estimated by the Ellis and Green's thermometer. An important implication arising from this study is that care must be taken when applying thermobarometers to Fe-rich pyroxenites for the purpose of geotherm construction and a comprehensive analysis is often required.     

Evidence from mantle xenoliths for relatively thin (<100 km) continental lithosphere below the Phanerozoic crust of southernmost South America

Garnet peridotite xenoliths in the Quaternary Pali-Aike alkali olivine basalts of southernmost South America are samples of the deeper portion of continental lithosphere formed by accretion along the western margin of Gondwanaland during the Phanerozoic. Core compositions of minerals in garnet peridotites indicate temperatures of 970 to 1160°C between 1.9 and 2.4 GPa, constraining a geothermal gradient which suggests a lithospheric thickness of approximately 100 km below this region. Previously, this lithosphere may have been heated and thinned to ≤80 km during the Jurassic break-up of Gondwanaland, when widespread mafic and silicic volcanism occurred in association with extension in southern South America. Subsequent cooling, by up to >175°C, and thickening, by about 20 km, of the lithosphere is reflected in low-temperature (<970°C) spinel peridotites by chemical zonation of pyroxenes involving a rimward decrease in Ca, and in moderate- and high-temperature (>970°C) peridotites by textural evidence for the transformation of spinel to garnet. A recent heating event, which probably occurred in conjunction with modal metasomatism related to the genesis of the Pali-Aike alkali olivine basalts, has again thinned the lithosphere to <100 km. Evidence for this heating is preserved in moderate- and high-temperature (>970°C) peridotites as chemical zonation of pyroxenes involving a rimward increase in Ca, and by kelyphitic rims around garnet. The majority of moderate- and high-temperature (>970°C) xenoliths are petrochemically similar to the asthenospheric source of mid-oceanic ridge basalts: fertile (>20% modal clinopyroxene and garnet), Fe-rich garnet lherzolite with major element composition similar to estimates of primitive mantle, but large-ion-lithophile and light-rare-earth element depletion relative to heavy-rare-earth elements, and with Sr, Nd, Pb, Os, and O isotopic compositions similar to MORB. In contrast, infertile, Mg-rich spinel harzburgite is predominant among low-temperature (<970°C) xenoliths. This implies a significant chemical gradient and increasing density with depth in the mantle section represented by the xenoliths, and the absence of a deep, low density, olivine-rich root below the southernmost South American crust such as has been inferred below Archean cratons. With respect to both temperature/rheology and chemistry/density, the subcontinental mantle lithosphere below southernmost South America is similar to that below oceanic crust. It is interpreted to have formed by tectonic capture, during the Paleozoic, of a segment of what had previously been oceanic lithosphere generated at a late Proterozoic mid-oceanic spreading ridge.     

Relation Between the Asthenosphere Thickness Distribution Characteristics and Tectogenesis of the Northeastern Margin of Sino-Korean Platform and Its Neighboring Area

Based on the results of multiple geophysical research methods,the lithosphere thicknessisolines of the northeastern margin of Sino-Korean platform and its neighboring area havebeen compiled and the geotectonic significance and the geodynamic characteristics of depthdistribution of asthenosphere roof have been also discussed.The authors proposed that closerrelation exists between the depth of asthenosphere roof and the tectonic activity as well as themodern faulting and seismic activity from Meso-Cenozoic Era till now.The upper mantleasthenosphere is generally uplift in Hailar basin,Bohal Bay-Xia Liaohe basin andSonghuajiang-Liaohe basin.Meanwhile,there exists modern seismic activity and groundsubsidence in this area.It is result from the uplift of upper mantle asthenosphere.