Monitoring a Marine Coastal Area: Use of Mytilus galloprovincialis and Mullus barbatus as Bioindicators

Abstract. Samples of Mytilus galloprovincialis and Mullus barbatus were collected in eight coastal sites along the South Adriatic and Ionic coasts of Italy in spring 2000 for a survey of coastal pollution in the Mediterranean basin. Specimens were analysed using an integrated approach based on residue analysis of common aquatic pollutants like organochlorines such as hexachlorobenzene (HCB), DDTs and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), heavy metals and nonylphenols (NPnE) and biomarker responses such as acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, and the two specific P450 activities benzo(a)pyrene monooxygenase (BPMO) and 7-ethoxyre-sorufin-(9-deethylase (EROD). Biological and morphological parameters like somatic liver index (SLI), gonadosomatic index (GSI) and gonadal and gamete histology (eggs and sperms) were also evaluated in red mullet samples. A contamination gradient in which several hot spots occur were revealed in this study. The hot spots account for high levels of organochlorines in both species near incinerators and of PAHs in harbour areas. Levels of both NPnE and AChE activity were highest in two protected marine areas and were within detectable limits in others. This finding was confirmed by P450 activities, in which maximum levels were detected in harbours and protected marine areas. No morphological alterations of male and female gonads were observed on the histological level.     

生物标志化合物碳同位素地球化学研究的几个相关问题

生物标志化合物稳定碳同位素地球化学是８０年代末期新兴的研究领域。单个生物标志化合物碳同位素组成的成因解释是该领域至关重要的问题。本文综合讨论了与此有关的生物合成过程中脂类化合物碳同位素变化、细菌生物合成过程中碳同位素分馏及其脂类化合物碳同位素组成特征，从而为我国的生物标志化合物碳同位素地球化学研究提供了新的理论依据     

Identification of biomarkers of cores from the South China Sea

ＩｄｅｎｔｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆｂｉｏｍａｒｋｅｒｓｏｆｃｏｒｅｓｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＳｏｕｔｈＣｈｉｎａＳｅａ￥ＴａｎｇＹｕｎｑｉａｎａｎｄＬｉｕＫｅｗｅｎ（ＲｅｃｅｉｖｅｄＡＭ１０，１９９４；ａｃｃｅｐｔｅｄＪｕｌｙ５，１９９４）（ＳｅｃｏｎｄＩｎｓｔ...     

Effects of water-borne copper on metallothionein and lipid peroxidation in the marine amphipod gammarus locusta

The aim of the current work was to determine over 10 days the effects of water-borne exposure of the marine amphipod Gammarus locusta to 4 μgCu l⁻¹ on the metallothionein (MT; measured by differential pulse polarography) protection system and lipid peroxidation (LP; thiobarbituric acid-reactive malondialdehyde equivalents) as a measure of oxidative damage. MT levels in exposed animals increased significantly at day 2 (36% > control; P<0.001) and remained high at days 6 and 10 (55 and 38%, respectively, P<0.001). The maximum level of MT at day 6 coincided with the highest Cu body-burden. LP increased within 1 day of exposure, indicative of Cu as an oxidative stressor. However, in contrast to MT, the highest LP level was seen at day 4 (68% > control, P<0.001) before returning to control values by day 6, indicating a protective role of MT against the pro-oxidant effects of Cu.     

The Diagenesis of Plant Lipids during the Formation of the Krepoljin Coal Basin (Serbia) — Using Multivariate Statistical Analysis in the Saturated Biomarkers

The composition of the saturated hydrocarbon fraction of soluble organic matter (bitumen) from the Krepoljin brown coal basin (East Serbia) of Miocene age was investigated. The Krepoljin basin is especially interesting from a geochemical point of view. Namely, by the end of Tertiary Period, the basin was covered by powerful Mesozoic formations of great possibilities, the bedding became hermetically enclosed and protected from subsequent external influences. The nature of early diagenetic processes in the environment with abundant accumulation of organic substance is defined by the molecular content of bitumen through the connections of molecular structures to potential precursors in paleoplant phylla, as well as by the degree of their diagenetic transformations. The hierarchy of parameters based on molecules of saturated hydrocarbons was determined by applying the principal component analysis to the soluble organic matter. The most significant, most “loadings” values of component C1, are the plant types such as precursors or participants in early diagenetic transformations of steranes Cs27-algal precursor material, Cs28-moulds, Cs29-higher land and water plants; resinous from the group of higher plant gymnosperms (G); also triterpanes α and β-amirin-dicotyledonous angiosperms (A) and bacterial and/or terrestrial plants population represented by hopanes/moretanes; as well as the parameters which describe the degree of diagenetic/maturation transformation of precursor biomass, and based on next reactions: (1) shifting of methyl group, influenced by the inorganic sediment constitutents, sterane-rearranged steranes, (2) isomerization in the ring system, ααα→βββ C29 sterane as well as (3) isomerization on chiral center of the side chain sequence R→S C29 sterane S/(S+R). Additionally, a pyrite-derived inhibitory effect on the rearrangment of C29 steranes must be taken into account, but not on triterpanes reaction. Non-appearance of statistically important correlations, before all with maturational depended parameters, and after all also with source indicators contributies to the affirmation of the newly-suggested parameter α-Phyllocladane/S27 as the real source biomarker of coal. Indicators derived from the distribution and abundance of n-alkanes and isoprenoid alkanes are of less significance in hierarchy of parameters.     

黔中隆起北部瓮安古油藏储层的新发现及其油源分析

首次对瓮安玉华灯影组富沥青层段进行了描述,明确为瓮安古油藏储集层之一。储集层发育于灯影组中段,储集空间类型主要为晶间孔、晶间溶孔、铸模孔及溶蚀孔洞,为中—高孔高渗的优质储集层。并通过对饱和烃色谱、生物标志物、干酪根碳同位素组成等进行系统对比,认为该沥青源于下寒武统牛蹄塘(∈_1n)烃源岩。     

海洋沉积物中现存微生物化学标志物完整极性膜脂研究进展

完整极性膜脂作为活的微生物细胞的化学标志物,能够反映海洋沉积物中现存微生物群落结构和生物量等信息.与生物学方法相比,完整极性膜脂分析技术具有无需培养、快速和普适性等特点.综述了海洋沉积物中细菌和古菌的细胞膜完整极性膜脂的组成特点及其在生物地球化学和微生物生态学等研究中的应用,重点评述了在生物地球化学循环中有特殊作用的微生物,如厌氧氨氧化细菌、甲烷氧化古菌、氨氧化古菌、具有四醚膜脂结构的海洋泉古菌等,或者是一些特殊生态系统,如冷泉、海底深部生物圈等研究中完整极性膜脂应用的进展.还简要介绍了完整极性膜脂的分析方法,并对其应用前景进行了展望.     

漠河盆地依列克得组火山活动间歇期烃源岩有机地球化学特征研究

漠河盆地早白垩世为一火山岩断陷盆地,广泛发育火山岩夹沉积岩的二元沉积建造。依列克得组烃源岩为一套发育在玄武岩系之间的湖沼相沉积岩系,烃源岩岩性为油页岩、页岩及煤岩。该套烃源岩与其周围玄武岩为同期不同相产物,与该套烃源岩直接接触的火成岩为火山熔岩或火山碎屑直接进入湖盆水体而形成。利用热解、GC, GC—MS等地球化学分析技术,对该套烃源岩生油潜力进行了初步评价,并探讨了该套烃源岩的沉积环境、母源特征及火山活动对该套烃源岩的影响。分析显示,该套烃源岩有机质丰度较高,有机质类型油页岩以Ⅱ型为主,页岩和煤岩主要为Ⅲ型,火山岩浆活动对烃源岩的烘烤作用不明显（Ro=0.56%~0.59%）,有机质热演化处于刚进入生烃门限的低成熟阶段,综合评价具有较好的生烃潜力;该套烃源岩沉积于强还原—弱还原水体环境,在垂向上含盐度具有较快的波动,处于淡水—咸水交替变化状态;母质来源具有水生生物和陆生植物混源输入特征,煤岩陆源有机质输入更丰富。     

湘西北张家界地区早寒武世牛蹄塘组黑色岩系镍钼矿层生物标志物的特征

以湖南张家界天门山地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组底部的黑色页岩镍钼矿层为研究对象,对其进行了生物标志化合物特征的分析。发现该矿层的正构烷烃、类异戊二烯烃、萜类化合物和甾类化合物具有以下特征：①正构烷烃OEP(奇偶优势)接近1.0,无明显奇偶优势;(nC21+nC22)/(nC28+nC29)比值为0.7~10.4,平均为6.16,显示轻烃组分占绝对优势;样品富含姥鲛烷(Pr)和植烷(Ph),比值平均为0.26,具有植烷优势。②萜烷相对丰度三环萜烷>五环三萜烷>四环萜烷;三环萜烷中C21、C23、C24呈倒V字形分布;C24四环萜与相邻C26三环萜比值为0.50;Ts/(Tm +Ts)比值在0.40~0.43之间,平均为0.42;γ-蜡烷指数介于0.10~0.17之间,平均值为0.13。③规则甾烷呈不对称的 V字形分布,表现为C27>C29>C28的分布特征;C27规则甾烷/C29规则甾烷平均比值为1.46(>1);检测出一定丰度的4-甲基甾烷。这些特征共同指示了张家界地区早寒武世黑色岩系形成于菌藻类(蓝绿藻、甲藻等)和低等浮游生物大量繁殖的浅海还原环境。     

Khasib and Tannuma oil sources, East Baghdad oil field, Iraq

This work presents new insights of the generation, quality and migration pathways of the hydrocarbons in the East Baghdad Oil Field.The Khasib and Tannuma formations in East Baghdad are considered as oil reservoirs according to their high porosity (15-23%) and permeability (20-45 mD) in carbonate rocks. The hydrocarbons are trapped by structural anticline closure trending NW-SE. Gas chromatography analysis on these oil reservoirshave shown biomarkers of abundant ranges of n-alkanes of less than C22 (C17-C21) with C19 and C18 peaks. This suggests mainly liquid oil constituents of paraffinic hydrocarbons from marine algal source of restricted palaeoenvironments in the reservoir. The low non aromatic C15 + peaks are indicative for slight degradation and water washing. Oil biomarkers of Pr./Ph. = 0.85, C31/C30 < 1.0, location in triangle of C27-C29 sterane, C28/C29 of 0.6 sterane, Oleanane of 0.01 and CPI = 1.0, indicate an anoxic marine environment with carbonate deposits of Upper Jurassic to Early Cretaceous age. Four Miospores, seven Dinoflagellates and one Tasmanite species confirm affinity to the upper most Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous Chia Gara and Ratawi Formations.The recorded palynomorphs from the Khasib and Tannuma Formations are of light brown color of TAI = 2.8-3.0 and comparable to the mature palynomorphs that belong to the Chia Gara and the Lower part of Ratawi Formations.The Chia Gara Formation generated oil during Upper Cretaceous to Early Palaeogene and accumulated in structural traps of Cretaceous age, such as the Khasib and Tannuma reservoirs. The Chia Gara Formation generated and expelled high quantities of oil hydrocarbons according to their TOC wt% of 0.5-8.5 with S2 = 2.5-18.5 mg Hc/g Rock, high hydrogen index of the range 150-450 mg Hc/g Rock, good petroleum potential of 4.5-23.5 mg Hc/g Rock, mature (TAI = 2.8-3.0 and T_max = 428-443C), kerogen type II and palynofacies parameters of up to 100% AOM (Amorphous Organic Matters). This includes algae deposits in a dysoxic-anoxic to suboxic-anoxic environment.Alternative plays are discussed according to the migration pathways.