The effect of a surface data assimilation technique and the traditional four-dimensional data assimilation on the simulation of a monsoon depression over India using a mesoscale model

The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of a surface data assimilation (SDA) technique, together with the traditional four-dimensional data assimilation (FDDA), on the simulation of a monsoon depression that formed over India during the field phase of the 1999 Bay of Bengal Monsoon Experiment (BOBMEX). The SDA uses the analyzed surface data to continuously assimilate the surface layer temperature as well as the water vapor mixing ratio in the mesoscale model. The depression for the greater part of this study was offshore and since successful application of the SDA would require surface information, a method of estimating surface temperature and surface humidity using NOAA-TOVS satellites was used. Three sets of numerical experiments were performed using a coupled mesoscale model. The first set, called CONTROL, uses the NCEP (National Center for Environmental Prediction) reanalysis for the initial and lateral boundary conditions in the MM5 simulation. The second and the third sets implemented the SDA of temperature and moisture together with the traditional FDDA scheme available in the MM5 model. The second set of MM5 simulation implemented the SDA scheme only over the land areas, and the third set extended the SDA technique over land as well as sea. Both the second and third sets of the MM5 simulation used the NOAA-TOVS and QuikSCAT satellite and conventional upper air and surface meteorological data to provide an improved analysis. The results of the three sets of MM5 simulations are compared with one another and with the analysis and the BOBMEX 1999 buoy, ship, and radiosonde observations. The predicted sea level pressure of both the model runs with assimilation resembles the analysis closely and also captures the large-scale structure of the monsoon depression well. The central sea level pressures of the depression for both the model runs with assimilation were 2–4 hPa lower than the CONTROL. The results of both the model runs with assimilation indicate a larger spatial area as well as increased rainfall amounts over the coastal regions after landfall compared with the CONTROL. The impact of FDDA and SDA, the latter over land, resulted in reduced errors of the following: 1.45 K in temperature, 0.39 m s⁻¹ in wind speed, and 14° in wind direction compared with the BOBMEX buoy observation, and 1.43 m s⁻¹ in wind speed, 43° in wind direction, and 0.75% in relative humidity compared with the CONTROL. The impact of SDA over land and sea compared with SDA over land only showed a further marginal reduction of errors: 0.23 K in air temperature (BOBMEX buoy) and 1.33 m s⁻¹ in wind speed simulations.     

箕状断陷盆地缓坡带层序格架特征与演化--以济阳坳陷为例

依据缓坡带对层序类型、地层结构特征的控制及地貌特征、成因将济阳坳陷缓坡带分为单断-沉积坡折型、单断-斜坡型和双断-构造坡折型三种类型.三种缓坡类型构造-沉积演化背景不同,形成了不同的层序格架特征.济阳断陷盆地的构造演化史决定了较完整的缓坡带层序演化由双断-构造坡折型向单断-沉积坡折型再向单断-斜坡型演化.     

层序地层地球化学及其在油气勘探中的作用

层序地层地球化学主要研究基于层序地层格架下的烃源层空间分布特征和源岩有机质的地球化学性质随层序、体系域的变化规律。以大民屯凹陷为实例的研究结果表明,层序地层地球化学研究在油气勘探中具有4个方面的主要作用:(1)预测未钻井或未取心地区烃源层空间分布特征和源岩有机质地球化学性质;(2)通过细化烃源岩评价单元,提高资源量计算中烃源岩体积估算和有机质性质评价的精度;(3)为基于层序地层格架的油气成藏系统研究提供“油气源”和“资源量”的要素;(4)可以作为盆地沉积充填分析的线索,并对已建立的层序地层格架进行检验和校正。层序地层地球化学研究不仅对中国东部老油田隐蔽油气藏的勘探工作具有重要的意义,对勘探程度低、钻井少、源岩取心少的西部含油气盆地中的烃源岩评价工作更为有效。     

济阳坳陷CO2气藏同位素地球化学特征及成因

济阳坳陷CO2气藏主要发育在高青-平南深断裂中南段和阳信次级凹陷西北缘及商店火山岩穹隆构造内.气藏中CO2气体浓度为69%～97%,δ13CCO2值为-5.67‰～-3.35‰,CH4/3He值为(1.01～5.65)×108,3He/4He值为(2.80～4.49)×10-6,即R/Ra为2.00～3.21,40Ar/36Ar值为317～1791,CO2/3He值为(0.25～2.61)×109.以上地球化学数据表明,济阳坳陷气藏中CO2主要来源于地幔,且幔源CO2在成藏过程中有损失,或者有壳源CO2的加入,特别是部分碳酸盐岩变质成因CO2的加入.在对CO2气来源定性分析的基础上,还需要在各来源的定量区分和CO2气藏的成藏及其与岩浆活动的时空匹配关系等方面作进一步的研究.     

洼陷中浊积岩沉积特征及油气富集规律研究

随着油气勘探的不断深入,我国东部地区主要含油气盆地勘探的主要目标逐渐转为一些较复杂的隐蔽油气藏,尤其是盆内的次级洼陷,已成为勘探的重要地区。多年的勘探实践表明,对于我国东部的陆相箕状盆地,洼陷中含油气是必然规律。在洼陷内最重要的油藏类型是砂体岩性与构造-岩性油藏,并且绝大多数为浊流成因。本文以山东济阳坳陷与昌潍坳陷的德南、牛庄、利津、博兴等几个洼陷为例,介绍洼陷生油条件的地震研究方法与三角洲-浊积扇体系中浊积岩发育区的沉积特征、油气富集规律及地震综合研究方法。     

断陷湖盆陡坡带陆相层序地层的“沉积滨线坡折”问题探讨?

本文在分析断陷湖盆陡坡带不同构造部位的可容空间变化规律及其沉积响应特征的基础上,探讨了断陷湖盆陡坡带参照井选取的可容空间机理,并阐明了参照井的选择原则;根据参照井处的沉积相迁移特征及体系域叠置样式,建立了在参照井的背景下,Ⅰ型与Ⅱ型陆相层序划分及其层序界面判识的标准,以及低水位体系域（LST）、水进体系域（TST）、高水位体系域（HST）及水退体系域（RST）的识别模式。本文以泌阳断陷双河～赵凹地区下第三系核三上段为例,采用泌207井为参照井,对研究区目的层段开展了断陷湖盆陡坡带陆相层序地层学的尝试性研究,并编制了研究区目的层段的陆相层序地层等时框架模式。研究结果表明,采用选取参照井的办法,可以有效地解决断陷湖盆陡坡带陆相层序地层分析中的“沉积滨线坡折”问题。     

山西活动断陷带主要断层垂直形变分段特征

断层运动方式与滑动速率是断层活动性研究和地震危险性判定的重要参数。本文基于山西断陷带多年积累的跨断层水准观测资料,在处理与重构的基础上采用断层活动性分析方法,基于构造分区给出各构造区主要断层现今运动特征。结果表明,山西断陷带主要断层在观测期内以继承性正断运动为主,各盆地断层运动特征具有显著差异,表现为南、北两段的垂直活动量明显大于中段,其中,忻定盆地累积变化量值最小。从断层垂直活动速率来看,五台山断裂、系舟山山前断裂、唐河断裂和霍山山前断裂跨断层测段活动速率明显低于全区水平;受长期构造应力加载及区域中强地震影响,各时段断层运动也存在差异变化,下达枝、亭旨头、太原、广胜寺等部分跨断层测段表现出明显的断层逆继承运动、断层相对闭锁等特征。     

Effect of digital elevation model spatial resolution on depression storage

Surface water storage—including wetlands and other small waterbodies—has largely been disregarded in traditional hydrological models. In this paper, the grid resampling method is adopted to study the influence of the digital elevation model (DEM) grid resolution on depression storage (DS) considering different rainfall return periods. It is observed that the DEM grid size highly affects DS, and the higher the grid resolution is, the larger the DS value. However, when the grid resolution reaches a certain value, the maximum DS value decreases. This suggests that a critical grid resolution value exists at which the water storage capacity of depressions is maximized, namely, 20 m in this work (except for the overall area simulation under infiltration). This phenomenon is further verified in two test cases with and without the infiltration process, that is, calculations of the local area and without infiltration area, respectively. This research may facilitate the accurate computation of the DS process, which is greatly affected by the grid resolution, thereby improving the reliability of hydrological models.     

Factors affecting dominant peak-flow runoff-generation mechanisms among five neighbouring granitic headwater catchments

We examined how and why dominant peak-flow runoff-generation mechanisms differ among neighbouring headwater catchments. We monitored runoff and groundwater levels and performed terrain analyses in a granitic second-order catchment and its four neighbouring subcatchments in the Kiryu Experimental Watershed in Japan. Our analysis of lag times from peak rainfall to peak runoff suggests differences in the dominant peak-flow runoff-generation mechanisms among the five catchments. For two of the three zero-order catchments, with few perennial groundwater bodies, subsurface flow from hillslopes was the dominant mechanism at some events. However, the dominant mechanisms were channel precipitation and riparian runoff at almost all events in first- and second-order catchments and in the third zero-order catchment, which has a large perennial groundwater body over a bedrock depression in the riparian zone. In this zero-order catchment, the quick-flow ratio was the smallest of the five catchments because subsurface flow from the hillslope was buffered at the riparian zone. These facts suggest that the channel length, riparian buffering, and hillslope connectivity were the factors governing the different dominant peak-flow runoff-generation mechanisms among the catchments. Riparian buffering was affected, not only by surface topography, but also by bedrock topography and bedrock groundwater (BGW) dynamics. Our findings indicate that both of BGW dynamics and topography are important for catchment classification, and the relative importance of topography increases with the change from baseflow to stormflow. Furthermore, mismatching between a geographic source and a flow path resulted in different catchment classifications depending on the approach. Therefore, multiple approaches during both baseflow and stormflow periods are necessary for catchment classification to apply information obtained from one headwater catchment to other headwater catchments within the same region.     

松辽盆地三肇凹陷青山口组泥岩盖层封闭能力形成时期

泥质岩盖层并非沉积开始就具有封闭油气能力的,而是随其埋深增加,压实成岩程度增强、粘土矿物转化脱水及有机质向烃类演化到一定阶段才开始具封闭油气能力的。本文在对盖层各种封闭能力进行地史恢复的基础上,确定出三肇凹陷青山口组泥岩盖层的毛细管、压力和烃浓度封闭能力开始形成时期分别为青山口组沉积末期、青山口组沉积末期和嫩江组四段沉积末期,都远远晚于上侏罗统气源岩的排气期（侏罗系沉积末期）,因此,造成上侏罗统天