Plot and small‐watershed scale runoff from two reclaimed surface‐mined watersheds in Alberta

Infiltration excess overland flow has been identified as the dominant flow pathway in recently reclaimed surface mined watersheds as a result of compaction and sorting during the reclamation procedure. Therefore, there could be a fairly direct relationship between runoff generated from the hillslopes to that measured at the watershed outlet. A 3‐year study was initiated in 1993 to determine how well surface runoff at a watershed scale could be predicted from 1‐m² runoff frames placed on hillslopes in two reclaimed surface‐mined watersheds in central Alberta. Runoff from the hillslope frames suggests outlet discharge should be high from the 3\4‐ha Sandy Subsoil Watershed and much less for the 9\8‐ha West Watershed, but the opposite occurred. Most of the hillslope runoff from the Sandy Subsoil Watershed infiltrated once it reached the channel and depression storage played an insignificant role in determining runoff. In contrast, most of the runoff from the West Watershed originated from rain falling directly on the saturated channel (depression storage) or near‐channel saturated areas, rather than the hillslopes. Neither watershed runoff magnitude nor timing could be predicted from the same parameters for hillslope runoff frames for either reclaimed watershed. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Estimation of surface runoff and water‐covered area during filling of surface microrelief depressions

During the filling of surface microrelief depressions the precipitation excess (precipitation minus infiltration and interception) is divided between surface storage and runoff, i.e. runoff starts before the surface depressions are filled. Information on the division of precipitation excess is needed for modelling surface runoff during the filling of surface depressions. Furthermore, information on the surface of the area covered with water is needed for calculating infiltration of water stored in soil surface depressions. Thirty‐two soil surface microreliefs were determined in Danish erosion study plots. The slope was c. 10% for all plots. Data were treated initially by removing the slope, after which 20 ‘artificial’ slopes (1–20%) were introduced producing 640 new data sets. Runoff during filling of the microrelief storage was calculated for each of the 640 data sets using a model developed for calculating surface storage and runoff from grid elevation measurements. Runoff started immediately after the first addition of water for all data sets. On a field scale, however, runoff has to travel some distance as overland flow and storage in smaller and larger depressions below the runoff initiation point must be taken into consideration. The runoff increases by intermittent steps. Whenever a depression starts to overflow to the border of the plot, the runoff jumps accordingly. In spite of the jumps, the distribution between surface storage and runoff was closely related to the quotient between precipitation excess and depression storage capacity. Surface area covered with water was exponentially related to the amount of water stored in surface depressions. Models for calculating surface storage and runoff from grid elevation measurements are cumbersome and require time‐consuming measurements of the soil surface microrelief. Therefore, estimation from roughness indices requiring fewer measurements is desirable. New improved equations for such estimations are suggested. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

渤中坳陷油气成藏规律

渤海坳陷下第三系砂岩普遍含有两类油气包裹体，即原生油气包裹体和次生油气包裹体，它们分别记录了本区两次油气运移、聚集成藏过程。次生油气包裹体个体大、分布广、含量明显高于原生油气包裹体，其主要充填分布在次生溶蚀孔隙和裂隙中。均一温度测量、包裹体成分和生物标志化合物分析结果综合表明，次生油气包裹体记录的第二次油气运移是区内最主要的一次油气聚集成藏过程，其油气来源于下第三系湖相泥质烃源岩。本区次生溶蚀孔隙是在早第三纪晚期构造抬升过程中，由大气淡水淋滤作用形成的。结合地质演化特征分析认为，渤中坳陷目前油气勘探的重点应是浅部下第三系地层，而不是深部其他地层。早第三纪晚期构造运动、沉积     

东营凹陷王庄地区古近纪沙河街组三段扇三角洲砂砾岩体沉积特征分析

本文利用现代沉积学、测井学和地震勘探等手段,对王庄地区砂砾岩扇体特征进行了研究,认为该区在古近纪以形成古近系的较高水动力能砂砾岩扇体沉积体为主,其中扇三角洲砂砾岩体是本区最主要的砂砾岩扇体类型,并具有较好的储集性能,是本区最主要的油气储集体;王庄地区砂砾岩扇体沉积,强烈地受控于边界构造条件;砂砾岩扇体沉积及其形态均受沉积相的控制,并具有复杂多变的特征,从而导致了本区油气藏的聚集和分布具有复杂多变的特点。     

济阳拗陷内王判镇潜山带奥陶系成藏条件分析

王判镇潜山带发育白桥、任凤、王判镇3条深大断裂,自北向南分为Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ排山,奥陶系圈闭形成时间早于石炭—二叠纪二次生气运聚期。该区火山活动频繁,火成岩广布。奥陶系储集条件好。济阳地堑和曲堤地垒二次生气中心的煤成气对本区贡献不大。Ⅰ,Ⅱ排山中—东北部也为煤成气二次生气中心,具备煤成气气源条件,石炭—二叠系泥岩和铝土质泥岩、灰岩为优质的盖层,是寻找煤成气及其与幔源气混源气的有利场所。Ⅲ排山不具备煤成气气源条件,而具备幔源气气源条件,是寻找幔源气的有利场所。     

Recognition and Significance of Volcanic Rocks of the Anda Depression of the Songliao Basin in Jurassic-Cretaceous

A series of volcanic rocks were developed in the deep part of Anda faulting depression. The reflection of therocks are mainly stratiform and hummocky. Three kinds of volcanic facies, e.g. explosion facies, effusion facies andsub-volcanic facies,were recognized by different reflecting characteristics in the seismic profile. The volcanic rocks areformed during three episodes of volcanic activities from Shahezi Formation to Yingcheng Formation. The volcanismshave relation to the formation of Songliao Basin and regional tectonics of northeastern China. Some of the volcanic rocksare good oil and gas reservoirs.     

广西石油天然气矿产发现史

广西石油、天然气矿产发现于１９３５年。１９３６年两广地质调查所派员调查。１９５８年在百色盆地打出天然气，１９５９年打出石油。１９７５年南海石油勘探指挥部在北部湾涠西南凹陷打出工业油气流。近４０年来，先后在百色盆地和北部湾涠西南凹陷探明１２个小型油气田。     

黑龙江省绥滨坳陷下白垩统碎屑岩源区分析及其构造意义

黑龙江省东部绥滨坳陷下白垩统从下而上为滴道组、城子河组、穆棱组和东山组。通过分析各组砂岩—泥岩主量元素、微量元素和稀土元素的特征,揭示了不同时期盆地的源区构造背景存在差异。滴道组源区构造背景为活动大陆边缘,城子河组、穆棱组多呈现出从活动大陆边缘向火山弧转换的地球化学特征,东山组则反映活动大陆边缘构造背景。结合各组古水流方向、沉积相特征和岩屑所反映的源区岩性特征,认为滴道组物源主要来自于盆地南侧,城子河组、穆棱组时期则主要来自盆地东南,并且碎屑岩均来自上地壳。      

河套盆地临河坳陷油气成藏过程解剖及勘探潜力分析

河套盆地属于我国中西部地区中小型陆相含油气盆地,近期于临河坳陷西南部吉兰泰构造带发现亿吨级大油田。工区地质条件复杂且勘探程度低,油藏动态演化过程研究有待深化。针对吉西凸起带和中央断垒带已发现油藏,应用地质、地震和分析化验等资料,在石油地质综合分析的基础上,采用“九史”分析方法对油藏进行动态解剖,取得了以下三点认识:(1)油气晚期成藏并表现出“三晚”,即烃源岩晚期生烃、断裂晚期活动及油气晚期充注;(2)第四纪走滑活动影响油气富集,负花状构造不发育且晚期强烈反转地区有利于成藏;(3)优选出西南部凸起带和中央断垒带两大油气有利勘探区带。     

库车坳陷北部山前带中生界烃源岩有机岩石学

应用全岩有机岩石学分析方法,对库车坳陷北部山前带中生界三叠系和侏罗系烃源岩的显微组分、主要富氢组分、有机质类型及热演化程度进行了研究。结果表明：库车坳陷北部山前带侏罗系克孜勒努尔组烃源岩显微组分总含量最高,恰克马克组烃源岩最低。中生界烃源岩显微组分组成具有镜质组含量高、壳质组和惰性组相对发育、腐泥组贫乏的特征。不同层位具有一定差异性,克孜勒努尔组和塔里奇克组中镜质组含量较高,恰克马克组壳质组相对发育。孢子体、壳屑体、角质体和藻类体是其主要的富氢组分,恰克马克组富氢组分相对含量最高。烃源岩有机质类型以Ⅲ型和Ⅱ2型为主,有利于生气,镜质组反射率Ro为056%~187%,热演化程度处于成熟-高成熟阶段。克拉苏—依奇克里克构造带冲断前缘烃源岩显微组分总含量与热演化程度均相对较高,为烃源岩的最大成熟生烃中心。烃源岩高生烃潜力与高的壳质组含量和低的陆源有机质含量有关。