Modeling and estimation of C1–P1 bias in GPS receivers

 Modern dual-frequency global positioning system (GPS) receivers are capable of providing direct measurements of both L1 C/A (C1) and P code (P1) without the use of the Y-codes under Anti-Spoofing. A discrepancy or bias between the C1 and P1 measurements from these receivers has however been of concern to operators and users of GPS reference networks. For the purpose of modeling and estimation, the nature and characteristics of the discrepancy must be investigated. The research results presented indicate that the discrepancy between the C1 and P1 measurements contains two different types of components: one is of constant type while another is time variant. A method has been developed for their modeling and estimation. The residual C1–P1 time series after a satellite-dependent bias removal agree at a few-centimeter level, indicating the effectiveness of the proposed model. This allows the C1–P1 discrepancy, both constant and non-constant components, to be removed from GPS reference network solutions. Numerical results are provided to support the analysis. Received: 12 October 1999 / Accepted: 11 May 2000     

航天飞机成像雷达数据在库车冲断带前缘构造分析中的应用

通过新疆库车县北航天飞机TM和SIR-C/X-SAR图像的处理,利用多参数雷达图像对浅覆盖物下隐伏构造的探测能力,从雷达图像上提取研究区低序次的构造信息,以此分析左行走滑活动相关变形产生的正、负花状构造的地面特征。采用分数维分析方法,研究不同冲积物图像表面的粗糙度特征,确定了库车冲断带前缘在库车县北向西端延伸的位置。显示出多波段多极化成像雷达对新构造的识别能力,从而确定库车冲断带前缘的构造特征。     

中国西部大中型气田同位素特征及西气东输的资源储备

大中型气田是一个地区储量增长的基本保证。至 2 0 0 0年底 ,我国探明天然气储量为 2 .9× 10 4亿m3 ,其中 75 %分布在西部 ,并主要分布在西部四大盆地。本文以碳同位素资料为主 ,讨论了这些盆地典型大、中型气田的地球化学特征。塔里木盆地主要的现实资源和潜在资源是几个前陆盆地的煤型气 ,特别是演化程度较高的煤型气。四川盆地主要为川东大中型气田的过成熟高温裂解气。鄂尔多斯盆地已探明世界级大气田两个 ,即长庆气田和苏里格庙气田 ,前者为煤型气和油型气的复合 ,后者为煤型气。柴达木盆地东部三湖区大中型气田为煤型生物气。这些大中型气田是当前“西气东输”的资源保证。其成因类型的确定 ,为今后天然气后备资源的勘探方向 ,提供了重要的科学信息。     

Zum Einfluß des gelösten organischen Kohlenstoffs (DOC) auf das Mobilitätsverhalten einiger Pestizide

Interaction of Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) with some Pesticides in Aqueous Systems. Several independent methods (batch sorption studies, chromatography) were used to study interactions of natural organic matter with two pesticides (Terbutylazine, Pendimethaline). After 24 hrs contact time, significant amounts of pesticides were (in part irreversibly) associated with the colloidal and high molecular weight fraction. The interactions were observed for soil organic matter and groundwater-DOC. It is assumed that the mobility of pesticides in natural systems is strongly influenced by interactions of this kind. The hypothesis is supported by chromatographic measurements of DOC with ¹⁴C-labeled Pendimethaline in lysimeter leachates.     

Two-Year Observation of Fossil Fuel Carbon Dioxide Spatial Distribution in Xi'an City

The need for atmospheric carbon dioxide(CO_2) reduction in the context of global warming is widely acknowledged by the global scientific community.Fossil fuel CO_2(CO_(2ff)) emissions occur mainly in cities,and can be monitored directly with radiocarbon(~(14) C).In this research,annual plants [Setaria viridis(L.) Beauv.] were collected from 26 sites in 2013 and2014 in the central urban district of Xi'an City.The △~(14)C content of the samples were analyzed using a 3 MV Accelerator Mass Spectrometer,and CO_(2ff) concentrations were calculated based on mass balance equations.The results showed that the CO_(2ff) mixing ratio ranged from 15.9 to 25.0 ppm(part per million,equivalent to μmol mol~(-1)),with an average of 20.5 ppm in 2013.The range of measured values became larger in 2014,from 13.9 ppm to 33.1 ppm,with an average of 23.5 ppm.The differences among the average CO_(2ff) concentrations between the central area and outer urban areas were not statistically significant.Although the year-to-year variation of the CO_(2ff) concentration was significant(P 0.01),there was a distinctly low CO_(2 ff) value observed in the northeast corner of the city.CO_(2 ff) emiissions from vehicle exhaust and residential sources appeared to be more significant than two thermal power plants,according to our observed CO_(2 ff) spatial distribution.The variation of pollution source transport recorded in our observations was likely controlled by southwesterly winds.These results could assist in the optimal placement of regional CO_2 monitoring stations,and benefit the local government in the implementation of efficient carbon emission reduction measures.     

佘山地震基准台四分量钻孔应变仪相对标定

YRY-4型四分量钻孔应变仪观测数据基本符合自洽方程,当数据不符合自洽方程时,一个可能原因是,井下探头中元件的灵敏度发生了变化。佘山地震基准台四分量钻孔应变仪于2006年安装运行,井下探头中各元件现已出现不同程度的老化,在数据分析前必须进行实地相对标定。本文利用应变观测资料的原始值(变化值)和差分值,按照月尺度及年尺度,分别计算四元件灵敏度系数K及矫正前后C_(95)信度指标。对比发现,在月尺度下,若观测资料质量良好,采用变化矫正效果更好,而对于“坏点”较多月份,采用差分矫正可有效去除坏点,提高C_(95)信度指标;在年尺度下,变化矫正后C_(95)信度指标更高。     

Oxidation and Origin of Organic Matter in Surficial Eastern Mediterranean Hemipelagic Sediments

Aerobic mineralisation of C_org in surface sedimentsof the deep (>2000 m water depth) eastern Mediterranean Sea has been quantified by analysis of detailedbox core C_org concentration versus depth profiles and the modelling environment for early diageneticproblems MEDIA. The reactive fraction comprises 60–80% of the total C_org reachingthe sediments and is largely oxidised within the surficial 10 cm. A non-reactive C _orgfraction (G_NR) dominates at depths >10 cm, and makes up20–40% of the total C _org flux to the sediments. First-order rateconstants for decomposition of the reactive fraction calculated from theC _org profiles range from 5.4 × 10^-3 to8.0 × 10^-3 y^-1 to 8.0 × 10^-3 y^-1. Total mineralization rates in thesurface sediment are between 1.7 and 2.6 mol C cm^-2 y^-1 and thus are typical for oligotrophic, deep-seaenvironments. The low fluxes and rapid remineralisation of C _org are accompanied by²¹⁰Pb_excess surface mixed layers which are only 2 cm deep, among the thinnest reported for oxygenated marine sediments.Model results indicate a mismatch between the C _org profiles and O₂ microprofileswhich were measured onboard ship. This can be attributed to a combination of decompression artefactsaffecting onboard measurement of the O₂ profiles or the leakage ofoxygen into the core during handling on deck. Furthermore, the used D_b values, based on ²¹⁰Pb, may not befully appropriate; calculations with higher D_b values improve the O₂ fits. The surficial sediment¹³C _org values of -22 become less negative with increasing depth and decreasing C _orgconcentrations. The major ¹³C change occurs in the top 3 to 4 cm and coincides with the interval weremost of the organic carbon oxidation takes place. This indicates that the reactive fractionof organic matter, commonly assumed to be marine, has a more negative ¹³C _orgthan the refractory fraction, usually held to be terrestrial. Palaeoproductivity estimates calculated from thesediment data by means of literature algorithms yield low surface productivities(12–88 gC m^-2 y^-1), which are in good agreement with field measurements of primary productivity in otherstudies. Such values are, however, significantly lower than those indicated by recent productivitymaps of the area derived from satellite imagery (>100 gC m^-2 y^-1).     

青藏高原现生禾本科植物的δ13C与海拔高度的关系

文章通过分析青藏高原4种C3禾本科植物碳同位素值随海拔高度的变化,发现穗三毛(Trisetumspicatum),垂穗鹅观草(Roegnerianutans),紫花针茅(Stipapurpurea),垂穗披碱草(Elymusnutans)的碳同位素值随海拔高度增加而变重的趋势明显,平均每增高1km变重1.37‰,其中Trisetumspicatum和Roegnerianutans的碳同位素值随海拔高度增加而变重的趋势更为显著。研究认为温度和大气CO₂分压是引起C3植物碳同位素值随海拔高度变化的主要因素。另外,研究发现一些C4植物的生长高度可以达到海拔4000m以上,最高可达海拔4520m。