Elastic models for nonlinear response of rigid passive piles

Recent study indicates that the response of rigid passive piles is dominated by elastic pile–soil interaction and may be estimated using theory for lateral piles. The difference lies in that passive piles normally are associated with a large scatter of the ratio of maximum bending moment over maximum shear force and induce a limiting pressure that is ~1/3 that on laterally loaded piles. This disparity prompts this study. This paper proposes pressure‐based pile–soil models and develops their associated solutions to capture response of rigid piles subjected to soil movement. The impact of soil movement was encapsulated into a power‐law distributed loading over a sliding depth, and load transfer model was adopted to mimic the pile–soil interaction. The solutions are presented in explicit expressions and can be readily obtained. They are capable of capturing responses of model piles in a sliding soil owing to the impact of sliding depth and relative strength between sliding and stable layer on limiting force prior to ultimate state. In comparison with available solutions for ultimate state, this study reveals the 1/3 limiting pressure (of the active piles) on passive piles was induced by elastic interaction. The current models employing distributed pressure for moving soil are more pertinent to passive piles (rather than plastic soil flow). An example calculation against instrumented model piles is provided, which demonstrates the accuracy of the current solutions for design slope stabilising piles. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

利用盐湖氯化镁-石灰制备硅热法炼镁用煅白的实验研究

以盐湖副产水氯镁石为原料,与一定比例的石灰反应得到氢氧化镁和氢氧化钙的混合沉淀物,该混合物经过滤、洗涤、烘干后在一定温度下煅烧得到符合皮江法炼镁用的合成煅白。实验结果表明,该工艺是可行的,在石灰/氯化镁摩尔比2.05~2.10：1,反应时间1.5,煅烧温度为800℃,煅烧时间为60min时,合成的煅白中钙镁摩尔比： 0.95~1.07：1,煅白的平均水活度达34%,符合硅热法炼镁用中间原料煅白的参数条件。该技术可为利用盐湖氯化镁制备金属镁新工艺开发提供了数据参考。     

L'ı̂le de la Dominique, à l'origine des avalanches de débris les plus volumineuses de l'arc des Petites AntillesThe Island of Dominica,site for the generation of the most voluminous debris avalanches in the Lesser Antilles Arc

Results from recent fieldwork and the Aguadomar marine survey in the Lesser Antilles clearly indicate that the volcanic field of southern Dominica has experienced three major edifice collapse events. This led to formation of the most voluminous debris avalanches known in the Caribbean Arc. Submarine hummocky morphology with plurikilometric megablocks is characteristic of debris avalanche deposits. We propose that steep slopes on the western Caribbean side of the island and intense hydrothermal alteration lead to recurrent large-scale edifice collapses. Therefore islands in the Lesser Antilles face a non-negligible risk from generation of tsunamis associated with potential future edifice collapse. To cite this article: A. Le Friant et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 235–243.     

Suppression of swelling associated with ettringite formation in lime stabilized sulphate bearing clay soils by partial substitution of lime with ground granulated blastfurnace slag (GGBS)

Ettringite related swelling in lime-stabilized sulphate bearing clay soil systems has only been reported within the last decade although similar expansive behaviour has been reported in concrete over many years. The use of ground granulated blastfurnace slag (GGBS), an industrial by-product, is well established as a binder in many cement applications where it provides enhanced durability and high resistance to sulphate attack. This paper reports on efforts to extend the use of GGBS to highway and other foundation layers by determining the beneficial effect of the suppression of swelling of lime-stabilized clay soils, particularly in the presence of gypsum. The paper describes the results of laboratory tests on lime-stabilized kaolinite containing different levels of added gypsum and on lime-stabilized gypsum (selenite) bearing Kimmeridge Clay to which, in both cases, the lime has progressively been substituted with GGBS. The tests determine the linear expansion behaviour of compacted cylinders, during moist curing in a humid environment at 30°C and during subsequent soaking in de-ionized water. The results illustrate that substitution of lime with GGBS produces significant reduction in linear expansion of lime-stabilized clay soils particularly those containing gypsum.     

石灰及其外加剂固化天津滨海软土的试验研究

天津滨海软土力学性质较差,不能直接满足工程需要,在软土中加入固化剂能有效提高软土的工程力学性能,但若在固化剂中再添加适量外加剂,又能再次提高固化土的强度。本文以石灰作为主剂,水泥、石膏作为辅剂改良天津滨海软土,以无侧限抗压强度作为固化效果判断标准,同时进行相应的微观结构测试,并对破坏后的试样进行抗压试验。试验结果表明:水泥的最佳掺量仅随石灰掺量不同而变化,如12%的石灰固化土中,水泥掺量不超过3%可以最好地提高石灰固化土强度; 石膏则不能改善土体强度,并且会使土体水稳定性差,遇水开裂。纯石灰固化土及掺外加剂的石灰固化土都是低压缩性土,各种力学性质都得到明显提高,其破坏形式为脆性破坏,破坏后强度很低且不能恢复,在实践中值得重视。微观结构分析表明:固化土中有CSH网状胶凝(水化硅酸钙)、针状钙矾石、无定形文石(CaCO3)、Ca(OH)2晶体等能够填充孔隙、胶结颗粒的物质生成,有效、适量的生成物有利于固化土强度的提高。土体中总孔隙个数及总颗粒个数都随荷载的增加而增多,孔隙面积、孔隙等效直径及颗粒等效直径都随荷载的增加而减少。     

加石灰改性后膨胀土的工程性质研究

膨胀土掺石灰后其性质有很多改变。通过对荆宜高速公路膨胀土的石灰改性试验,得到了膨胀土加石灰后的工程性质的变化规律,如自由膨胀率、膨胀量、收缩率、塑性指数下降、抗剪强度与CBR增加等。从而为改善膨胀土的工程性质以满足工程设计的要求提供了可靠的试验数据。     

A field application for lime stabilization

This study presents the improvements achieved as a result of the lime stabilization application conducted by the joint effort of the Turkish Association of Lime Industrialists and the General Directorate of Rural Services on the 200 m long section of the Ankara Province Yukar? Yurtçu Village road where green and brown clays are dominant. The study also numerically demonstrates the impacts of these improvements on the road section based on the results of various laboratory and field tests. The lime stabilization in field conditions was performed with 5% lime for both clays and was applied as a 30 cm thick single layer. In the soaked California bearing-ratio (CBR) tests conducted in the laboratory, increases that reach up from 16 and 21 times compared to initial soaked CBR values were observed in green and brown clays, respectively, at the end of 28 days. The high increases observed in soaked CBR values would reduce the upper layer thickness of the roads. The similar improvements are also achieved in unconfined compression and plate loading tests. The comparisons performed with the plate loading tests clearly demonstrated the behavior of the surface to lime and its cure impact.     

Centrifuge modelling of slope stabilisation using a discrete pile row

Discrete pile rows are an established technique for improving the stability of infrastructure slopes. However, the impact of pile spacing along the row is not clearly understood from a current design perspective in terms of the ultimate interaction capacity. A series of geotechnical centrifuge model tests were undertaken with the upper layer of a slope tending to fail and interact with a discrete pile row. The results were interpreted to clarify the effects of pile row interaction with the slope, and verify results from other recent numerical studies.     

A new active gyrostabiliser system for ride control of marine vehicles

A new gyroscopic method of active ride control on marine vehicles is presented. Gyroscopic stabilisation is selected because it acts entirely within the hull of the vessel while not requiring sufficient movable weight to generate control moments. The new approach is capable of generating greater stabilising moments than existing gyroscopic systems. Physical experiments, using a modulation theory approach, on a ship model practically demonstrate that the specified system is capable of providing levels of ride control comparable with existing systems. Theoretical estimates of the system on full-scale vessels demonstrate its practical feasibility for application on small and medium sized vessels.     

不同固化材料垫层在黄土中隔水能力及其垂直扩散特性

黄土作为地基材料时由于其湿陷性容易出现失稳现象,利用固化剂垫层改良黄土地基水稳性和强度的技术被广泛使用。本文主要通过在黄土中分别加入石灰、水泥和粉煤灰固化剂垫层的方法进行加固,测定了在垂直方向上各处的含水率、密度、干密度、土颗粒比表面积(SSA)及阳离子交换能力(CEC)的变化。试验表明石灰、水泥和粉煤灰垫层可以影响10～15cm范围内相邻土层含水率、密度、比表面积和阳离子交换能力,改变土质结构,提高土体的水稳性。改性后的土体越靠近固化剂垫层,含水率、SSA和CEC越小而密度越大。其中,石灰垫层效果最好,它能将黄土中含水率减小超过4%,密度增加1.0～1.5g cm-3,粉煤灰作用次之,水泥最弱。此外,试样土颗粒比表面积(SSA)与阳离子交换能力(CEC)存在线性递增的关系,本次试验中,3个试样中SSA与CEC之比均稳定于6.5～7.5之间。