穿云飞机电磁噪声的实验分析

利用高灵敏度和高时空精度的三维雷电观测系统LMA(Lightning Mapping Array)分析穿云飞机的观测资料,发现这一系统在地面可探测到穿云飞机产生的60～66MHz带宽内的电磁辐射,其强度在1W～10kW之间,甚至更高,且与所探测到的辐射源数成线性反比,辐射是由飞机上的尖端放电产生的. 穿云飞机在10～12km高度上产生的辐射最强,且在靠近发生闪电的对流区比远离这一区域强. 飞机穿过不同云系时,辐射强度不同,其中穿过层状云系时,辐射最弱.     

Which water formed Australian sediment-hosted precious and potch opal?

The means and timing of the formation of Australian sediment-hosted precious opal remain a subject of continuing debate. In this study, the question of which water formed the opal is addressed by examination of rare earth element data for opals and host rocks. The available data, mainly for Lightning Ridge, NSW, suggest a positive Eu anomaly, relative to the neighbouring Sm and Dy, occurs in opals whereas no such anomaly was found for the weathered Cretaceous sediments hosting the opal. Such anomalies may be inherited from the source rock with a similar positive Eu anomaly or generated in situ by severe reduction. There is no indication of major reduction processes during the opal formation that could have led to such a Eu anomaly so this is likely inherited from a source rock. As the opal host rocks did not show this anomaly, the source rocks must be external to the opal fields. Calcite cements within rocks hosting the aquifers of the Eromanga and Surat basins of the Great Artesian Basin have been reported to have a positive Eu anomaly, which strongly suggests that opal was formed by upwelling Great Artesian Basin artesian waters. This work has also highlighted variations in trace-element concentrations in opals, which indicate significant variation in the source water composition during opal formation or different water sources were involved. Either of these is indicative of the source for the opal with its trace elements derived from external sources. These conclusions have significant implications to considerations of how opal formed, and hence, for the exploration for other deposits and to the chemistry and timing that led to the formation of opal.     

闪电多参量同步高速即时记录系统

阐述了如何实时快速捕获闪电放电时亚微秒变化的快慢电场波形数据及等间隔点分段压缩显示电场波形曲线,并同时连续记录显示大气平均电场数据。在Win2000平台上用VC 编程实现了多任务、多通道大容量(8MB)快速处理显示记录的自动化。记录速度比以往的记录设备提高了20倍,测量精度显著提高,记录闪电辐射的脉冲绝对时间精度达到0．1μs,野外同步观测获得了大批资料,证实了系统的可靠性,为长时间多站同步观测积累高精度闪电资料提供了新的记录手段。     

上海地区雷害调查及防雷机理探讨

通过对上海地区雷害情况的调查，以实例分析了一次雷害过程的起因，特点、放电路径和破坏程度。结合现有建筑物的防雷设施，对一些“消雷器”和避雷装置“的工作机理进行了初步的研计。     

浅析高速公路雷电危害及防御

由于在高速公路设计和施工中强电和弱电系统的防雷问题往往被忽视，接地的要求也不统一。高速公路尤其是机电系统的防雷薄弱环节相对较多，因此易遭雷击，特别是雷击电磁脉冲的危害。本文分析了雷电对高速公路机电设备危害途径，阐述了高速公路雷电防御技术应包括直击雷、雷击磁脉冲(雷电感应)的立体化的综合防御技术。     

用宽带干涉仪观测云内闪电通道双向传输的特征

利用闪电宽带干涉仪系统对闪电的观测表明，地闪和云闪的云内闪电通道都存在双向发展的特征. 闪电在云中负电荷区域初始激发以后，在通道两端发生向不同方向同时发展的击穿过程. 这两种击穿过程均产生较强的辐射，且辐射频谱特征十分相似，表明云内闪电通道两端发生的击穿过程可能均为负击穿过程. 相应电场变化表明闪电通道双向发展期间伴随着负电荷的向上转移. 这一观测事实与Kasemir早期提出的闪电通道双向发展的概念有一定的差异.     

卫星观测到的全球闪电活动及其地域差异

闪电活动在时间和空间尺度上都有很大的可变性. 本文利用热带降水测量计划（TRMM）卫星上携带的闪电探测系统获取的闪电定位资料首次对一些典型地区的闪电活动进行了对比分析. 研究发现不同地区的闪电活动无论在闪电频数或放电强度方面都有很大的差别，海洋上的闪电活动频数与陆地上的闪电活动频数可相差几十倍；不同地区闪电活动的多少不仅取决于该地雷暴日数的多少，更重要的还取决于该地每次雷暴过程闪电频数的多少；不同地区的闪电放电强度有随闪电频数增加而减小的趋势. 进一步研究还表明，不同地区闪电光辐射能的不同可以用对流最大不稳定能量（ECAPE）来解释，闪电放电强度与ECAPE之间存在非常好的线性正相关；而闪电活动频数对ECAPE的响应则与闪电光辐射能不同，二者之间没有发现明显的相关.     

Influence of water conductivity on micro-discharges from raindrops in strong electric fields

The influence of water conductivity on micro-discharges from raindrops has been studied by submitting water drops of different conductivities, falling at terminal velocity, to strong horizontal electric fields. The discharge onset field remains quite unchanged but the micro-discharges characteristics are clearly affected by the nature of water—scarce high amplitude pulses for low water conductivity and numerous low amplitude pulses for higher water conductivity. The influence of water conductivity on the onset streamer pulse mode of discharge is analysed. It is thought that the negative charge at the head of the positive avalanche is faster absorbed by the drop surface with rainwater, thus the reactivation of the pulses is faster. Possible implications of such behaviour are discussed in the light of recent studies on the influence of pollution on lightning activity.     

Multiple pulses in dE/dt and the fine-structure of E during the onset of first return strokes in cloud-to-ocean lightning

We have analyzed the fine-structure of 131 electric field (E) waveforms that were radiated during the onset of first return strokes in cloud-to-ocean lightning. The dE/dt waveforms were recorded using an 8-bit waveform digitizer sampling at 100 MHz, and the E waveforms were sampled at 10 MHz using a 10-bit digitizer. 49 (or 37%) of the dE/dt waveforms contain one or more large pulses within ± 1 μs of the largest (or dominant) peak in dE/dt, i.e. within an interval from − 1 μs to + 1 μs, where t = 0 μs is the time of the dominant peak, and 37 (or 28%) have one or more large pulses in the interval from 4 μs before to 1 μs before the dominant peak, i.e. − 4 μs to − 1 μs, and only the dominant peak within ± 1 μs . We give statistics on the amplitude and timing of dE/dt pulses that are near the dominant peak, and we show how the presence of these pulses adds considerable fine-structure to the shape of E_int, the integrated dE/dt waveform, on a time-scale of tens to hundreds of nanoseconds. This fine-structure includes fast pulses near the beginning of the slow front, large pulses and shoulders within the slow front and during the fast-transition, and very narrow peaks in E_int. Our overall conclusion is that the electromagnetic environment near the point(s) where lightning leaders attach to the surface is often more complicated than what would be produced by a single current pulse propagating up a single channel at the time of onset.     

闪电放电特征和雷暴电荷结构研究

文章综述了近10年来对闪电物理过程和雷暴电荷结构等方面的主要研究进展。利用自行研制的高时间分辨率新型闪电探测和定位技术,获得中国不同地区的闪电特征及放电参数,组织首次青藏高原综合闪电观测实验,揭示高原雷暴及其闪电活动的特殊性,并利用数值模式探讨其成因;将原子结构理论应用于闪电光谱研究,并进行闪电光谱的实验观测和理论研究,获得可见光频段的闪电光谱记录;完善空中人工引发闪电技术,解决近距离严酷电磁环境条件下闪电的光、电信号测量技术,寻找闪电双向先导传输的光学和甚高频辐射证据,并利用人工引发闪电技术对防雷设施进行试验研究;另外,在闪电与天气、气候关系的研究方面也进行了初步探讨。