Analysis of thunderstorm and lightning activity associated with sprites observed during the EuroSprite campaigns: Two case studies

During the summers of 2003 to 2006 sprites were observed over thunderstorms in France by cameras on mountain tops in Southern France. The observations were part of a larger coordinated effort, the EuroSprite campaigns, with data collected simultaneously from other sources including the French radar network for precipitation structure, Meteosat with images of cloud top temperature and the Météorage network for detection of cloud-to-ground (CG) flash activity. In this paper two storms are analyzed, each producing 27 sprite events. Both storms were identified as Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCS) with a trailing stratiform configuration (ST) and reaching a maximum cloud area of ~ 120,000 km². Most of the sprites were produced while the stratiform area was clearly developed and during periods of substantial increase of rainfall in regions with radar reflectivity between 30 and 40 dBZ. The sprite-producing periods followed a maximum in the CG lightning activity and were characterized by a low CG flash rate with a high proportion of + CG flashes, typically around 50%. All sprites were associated with + CGs except one which was observed after a − CG as detected by the Météorage network. This − CG was estimated to have − 800 C km charge moment change. The peak current of sprite-producing + CG (SP + CG) flashes was twice the average value of + CGs and close to 60 kA with little variation between the periods of sprite activity. The SP + CG flashes were further characterized by short time intervals before a subsequent CG flash (median value < 0.5 s) and with clusters of several CG flashes which suggest that SP + CG flashes often are part of multi-CG flash processes. One case of a lightning process associated with a sprite consisted of 7 CG flashes.     

Three dimensional simulation of a DC free burning arc. Application to lightning physics

One of the mechanisms assumed to be involved in the ignition channel cut off is associated with the development of instability. Like any other electric arc, lightning channels become unstable if the provided power is insufficient. In order to study this phenomenon, ONERA in collaboration with EDF has performed 3D simulations of a part of a lightning channel in order to compute the main characteristics of the arc and understand in the future the physical conditions for the ignition of instability. The model, based on the resistive magneto hydro dynamic equations, was adapted to the lightning channel context. In a first step, the results were compared to the experiment of Tanaka et al. [Tanaka, S., Sunabe, K., and Goda, Y., 2000. Three dimensional behaviour analysis of D.C. free arc column by image processing technique, XIII Int'l Conf on Gas Discharges and their applications, Glasgow.] on long electric arcs subjected to continuing current at mean sea level. A good agreement between computations and measurements was found for times greater than tens of millisecond. Results also showed that the internal resistance continuously decreases with time. Finally, this model was adapted to investigate the effects of altitude on the characteristics of the arc column. Results showed that the effects of altitudes are negligible for altitudes lower than 4 km.     

怎样使用电涌保护器

简述电涌保护器的工作原理,讨论电涌保护器的选型、级配要点以及安装应注意事项。     

2000—2007年陕西省雷电灾害时空分布特征及成因分析

利用2000-2007年共计8年的雷电灾害资料,对陕西省雷电灾害的时空分布特征及成因进行了分析.结果表明:陕西省雷电灾害的空间分布基本呈"枣核形",中间关中地区雷电灾害多、而北部和南部大部地区雷电灾害较少,与多年平均的自然雷电空间分布特征有一定的差别;陕西省雷电灾害季节性变化明显,一年四季均有发生,但主要集中分布在4-8月,其中8月最严重;雷电灾害日变化是午后至傍晚最多,早上相对较少,这与自然雷电发生的日变化特征比较接近.同时,分析了一次典型的雷灾个例,并有针对性地提出了若干防雷减灾措施.     

银行信息系统如何作好雷电电磁脉冲的防护

银行系统电子设备雷电过电压及电磁干扰防护,是保护通信线路、设备及人身安全的重要技术手段．作者就基层银行信息系统如何作好雷电电磁脉冲的防护进行了原因分析并提出相应的防御措施。     

高压线路雷击故障分析

2007年6月27日上午10：30左右,沧州市出现强雷雨天气过程。沧州供电公司2条高压线路被雷电击断,造成2人死亡的事故。     

放电后电荷重置对雷暴云电荷结构及闪电行为的影响

为探究放电后电荷重置对雷暴云电过程的影响,在已有的三维雷暴云起、放电模式中分别加入两种不同的电荷重置方案:一种是植入法即放电后闪电通道上的感应电荷与原空间电荷叠加(简称ZR方案);另一种是中和法即放电后直接按一定比例降低闪电通道处的空间电荷浓度(简称ZH方案)。利用长春一次探空个例进行敏感性试验,发现放电后重置方式的不同会导致闪电特征存在明显差异:1)ZR方案下的云闪发生率比ZH方案下的云闪发生率少。闪电放电后ZR方案在云中植入异极性电荷,对雷暴云中电荷的中和量比ZH方案多,摧毁云中电场的能力更强;2)ZR方案下的正、负地闪发生率均比ZH方案多。相对于ZH方案,ZR方案中主正电荷区的分布范围大于主负电荷区,导致其出现了更多的正地闪;ZR方案中的云顶屏蔽层与主正电荷区的混合程度高,混合时间长,导致ZR方案在主正电荷区与主负电荷区之间触发了更多的负地闪;3)ZR方案下的闪电通道长度比ZH方案下的闪电通道长度短。ZR方案在云中植入异极性电荷,导致云中难以形成大范围同极性电荷堆,闪电通道传播局限在一对较小的异极性电荷堆内,而ZH方案不改变云中电荷分布,存在大范围同极性电荷堆,闪电通道传播范围较大。     

基于地理空间框架的雷电监测系统研究

结合当代对雷电监测的应用情况,分析了融合现代测绘地理信息技术、利用地理空间框架的雷电监测系统的组成结构、工作原理和功能作用,并对雷电灾害进行了更加精准、更加深入的相关研究。     

利用层次分析法开展建筑物雷评的实例分析

本文在综合考虑建筑物雷电风险评价的一级指标和二级指标基础上,以某办公楼防雷装置为实例,采用AHP分析法建立雷电风险评价层次模型,通过对层次模型一级指标层和二级指标层指标建立判断矩阵,利用和法归一化和一致性检验法后得出各层指标相对权向量。最后采用Delphi专家调查法给予定量表示,使用数学方法计算反映出该办公楼雷电风险评价的综合得分。其结果分析表明,该办公楼雷电风险评价等级为临界安全型,须对其采取高等级的防护措施。AHP分析法将建筑物雷电风险的定性和定量评价有效地结合起来,使评价结论更加科学、客观、合理,对于深化建筑物雷电风险评价方法研究具有一定的借鉴意义。     

Exposing metal and silicate charges to electrical discharges: Did chondrules form by nebular lightning?

In order to investigate the hypothesis that dust aggregates were transformed to meteoritic chondrules by nebular lightning, we exposed silicatic and metallic dust samples to electrical discharges with energies of 120 to 500 J in air at pressures between 10 and 10⁵ Pa. The target charges consisted of powders of micrometer-sized particles and had dimensions of mm. The dust samples generally fragmented leaving the major fraction thermally unprocessed. A minor part formed sintered aggregates of 50 to 500 μm. In a few experiments melt spherules having sizes ?180 μm in diameter (and, generally, interior voids) were formed; the highest spherule fraction was obtained with metallic Ni. Our experiments indicate that chondrule formation by electric current or by particle bombardment inside a discharge channel is unlikely.