雷电落点概率和强度预报方法初探

雷电灾害被联合国有关部门列为最严重的十种自然灾害之一,中国国家电工委员会称其为“电子时代的一大公害”。江西是雷电灾害较严重的省份,全省年平均雷暴日为82．9d,每年因雷电灾害造成的直接经济损失达5000～8000万元,伤亡近百人。为减轻雷电灾害损失,迫切需要对雷电落点和强度作出预报。为此,文中根据雷电闪击发生的天气、物理成因,结合国内外有关研究现状,综合应用闪电、雷达、卫星以及中尺度模式、对流参数等资料,采用多参数集成方式,研制分县雷电落点概率和强度预报方法。经试报和实报,雷电有无预报的Ts评分为0．61以上,雷电强度预报均通过了α=0．05的χ^2检验。     

Characteristics of cloud-to-ground lightning in warm-season thunderstorms in the Central Great Plains

In July 2005, a field campaign was conducted in the Central Great Plains to obtain 60-field/s video imagery of lightning in correlation with reports from the U.S. National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) and broadband electric field waveforms from the Los Alamos Sferic Array (LASA). A total of 342 GPS time-stamped cloud-to-ground (CG) flashes were recorded in 17 different sessions, and 311 (91%) of these were correlated with reports from the NLDN. Only 6 of the 17 recording sessions were dominated by flashes that lowered negative charge to ground, and 11 were dominated by positive CG flashes. A total of 103 flashes recorded on video were correlated with at least one NLDN report of negative CG strokes, 204 video flashes were correlated with one or two positive stroke reports, and 4 had bipolar reports. In this paper, we will give distributions of the estimated peak current, I_p, as reported by the NLDN, of negative and positive first strokes that were recorded on video, the multiplicity of strokes that were recorded on video, and the number of ground contacts per flash that were resolved on video. 41 (40%) of the negative flashes produced just a single-stroke on video, and 62 (60%) showed two or more strokes. The observed multiplicity of negative flashes averaged 2.83, which becomes about 3.14 after correcting for the finite time-resolution of the video camera. 195 (96%) of the positive flashes produced just a single-stroke on video, and 9 (4%) showed two strokes; therefore, the observed multiplicity of positive flashes averaged 1.04. Five out of 9 (56%) of the positive subsequent strokes re-illuminated a previous channel, and 4 out of 9 (44%) created a new ground contact. Simultaneous video, LASA, and NLDN measurements also allowed us to examine the classification of NLDN reports during 3 single-cell storms (one negative and two positive). Based on the LASA waveforms, a total of 204 out of 376 (54%) NLDN reports of CG strokes were determined to be for cloud pulses. The misclassified negative reports had |I_p| values ranging from 3.8 kA to 29.7 kA, but only 58 (24%) of these had |I_p| > 10 kA, and only one misclassified positive report had I_p > 20 kA. Radar analyses showed that most of the negative and positive CG strokes that were recorded on video were produced within or near the convective cores of storms. The radar imagery also showed that single-cell storms tended to produce one polarity of CG flashes at a time, and that such storms could switch rapidly from negative to positive CG flashes when the reflectivity was near maximum. Multiple-cell storms produced both negative and positive flashes over a broad region, but each polarity tended to cluster near regions of high-reflectivity.     

Study of the total lightning activity in a hailstorm

A thunderstorm that developed over northeastern Spain on 16 June 2006 is analyzed. This severe thunderstorm produced hailstones as large as 40 mm and had a lifetime of 3 h and 30 min. Radar cross-sections show strong vertical development with cloud echo tops reaching an altitude of 13 km. The specific characteristics of the lightning activity of this storm were: (i) a large amount (81%) of negative cloud-to-ground (−CG) flashes with very low peak currents (< 10 kA in absolute value), (ii) a very large proportion of intra-cloud (IC) flashes with an IC/CG ratio reaching about 400, (iii) a large number of “short” IC flashes (with only 1-VHF source according to SAFIR detection), (iv) a large increase of the −CG flash rate and of the CG proportion near the end of the storm. The rate of −CG flashes with a low peak current were observed to evolve similarly to the rates of IC flashes. Most of them have been assumed to be IC flashes misclassified by the Spanish Lightning Detection Network (SLDN). They have been filtered as it is usually done for misclassified +CG flashes. After this filtering, CG flash rates remained very low (< 1 min^− 1) with +CG flashes sometimes dominant. All the particular lightning activity characteristics similar to those observed in the Severe Thunderstorm Electrification and Precipitation Study (STEPS) campaigns support the hypothesis that this thunderstorm could have had an inverted-polarity or complex charge structure. The maximum IC flash rate (67 min^− 1) peaked 24 min before the presence of reflectivity higher than 60 dBZ. The IC activity abruptly decreased during the period when reflectivity was dramatically increasing. The time of maximum reflectivity observed by radar was consistent with the times of reported hail at the ground.     

基于IEC 62305-2的雷电灾害风险管理系统设计

介绍了一种基于国际标准IEC62305-2雷击灾害风险评估方法的雷击灾害风险管理系统的功能和结构。系统基于基础数据库,实现雷电灾害信息的检索与查询、数据统计以及输出,可为防灾减灾提供依据。整个系统主要由评价分析模块、基础数据库模块、决策支持模块和输出模块等组成。风险评估分析模块具有雷灾风险识别、风险评价、风险等级划分功能。决策支持模块能够快速、准确提供雷电灾害的评价结果,提出灾害防护措施,计算灾害补偿的范围和数额,以及对防灾工程和拟建防灾工程进行评价。     

确定雷电定位系统场地误差的参数化方法

本文提出一种根据多站雷电定位资料确定闪电定位系统(LLS)场地误差的方法。该方法假定场地误差具有有限阶三角级数的形式,由雷电方位的多站实测资料,经Orville的本征值技术处理,将问题化为一个非线性无约束极值问题,从而可由对目标函数求极值点来确定场地误差。文中利用1988年夏天在北京地区由三个雷电方位探测器(DF)记录到的4900个实际雷电资料求得了各DF站的场地误差曲线。95％以上的闪电经误差订正后的方位与实测方位的残余偏差在±1°以内,与雷达回波的一致性也有了明显改进。     

闪电监测定位系统及其应用

在分析闪电混合交汇算法定位基本原理的基础上，介绍了绍兴市闪电监测与定位系统的基本结构、工作特点，并对监测定位信息的开发应用作了探讨。分析表明，绍兴市闪电监测定位系统作为集中闪电监测、定位、应用等功能的综合性系统，具有高集成、实时性、高精度、多用途和网络化的特点，它能够较准确地对闪电雷击进行定位，所获得的资料具有多方面的用途。通过对闪电监测定位资料的分析，可以发现某些闪电与雷击发生发展的规律，这对雷电灾害的预警预报具有重要作用。     

江苏省雷电分布特征分析

根据江苏省46a来13个地面观测站的雷暴日资料、4a的电力部门闪电定位资料以及2a的气象部门闪电定位资料,分析研究了江苏省雷电活动的时空分布特点.结果表明,江苏省雷电总的地域分布趋势是,南部比北部多,西部比东部多;丘陵低山地区多于大片的平原地区,陆上大的水体附近也是多雷区,而且江苏省的雷电多发区与经济发达区大体重叠.这些地域应是防雷的重点地区.江苏省的雷暴发生时间主要集中在3-9月,全省雷电多发时段在16-17时,但地域间因地形地貌及雷暴源地的不同,各地日平均逐时分布的差异明显.     

基于WRF模式对华北一次飑线过程中雷电活动的间接和直接模拟研究

将非感应起电机制和放电参数化方案耦合到WRF模式的Morrison双参数微物理方案中,并在模式中引入了闪电潜势指数LPI,在此基础上模拟了2009年6月16日华北一次飑线过程,讨论模式对闪电活动再现能力。模拟结果显示,模式能够较好地再现雷达回波和降水分布特征,说明模式对此次飑线过程的宏观和微观特征具有一定的模拟能力。利用计算闪电潜势指数LPI的间接模拟,能够指示出大致的闪电分布特征,但闪电潜势指数LPI分布范围明显大于实际闪电落区;而通过耦合电过程的WRF模式直接输出闪电密度的直接模拟,模拟结果与实际闪电密度分布的对应关系较好,但由于模式中输出的闪电密度为总闪电密度,与观测地闪密度资料相比,模拟的闪电密度偏大。     

闪电先导静电场波形理论分析

通过对地闪电先导过程静电场变化波形的理论分析指出，先导所致静电场时间变化率dE/dt是一个比静电场变化ΔE更能反映先导传播特性的物理量。利用dE/dt时变曲线可以较精确地确定先导开始位置、接地附近先导传播速度以及接地瞬时的先导电流，同时利用dE/dt极值点的特征可以揭示通道传播过程中倾斜、弯曲特征。     

雷电监测预警对雷击风险评估的影响分析

利用雷电监测设备预警雷电,以便于及时采取规避措施减免人员伤亡和经济损失,从而降低评估场所的雷击风险值。本文从这一角度出发,分析了雷电监测预警系统的应用,着重研究了采取预警措施后影响到的参数L_X及其取值方法,结合预警系统的命中率、漏报率,推导建立了风险评估计算公式。给出了安装预警设备后的风险评估流程图,归纳总结了重要场所安装预警设备后影响到的主要风险类型。并以某石化工厂为例,进行了实例应用分析和风险对比。为采取雷电监测预警措施的场所进行合理的雷击风险评估提供可借鉴的方法。